1. Photosynthesis Review
Organism review.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.
Plant structure and function: Emphasis on the leaf and the chloroplast.
Electromagnetic energy and chlorophyll.
Light reactions and Dark reactions (Calvin cycle).
The carbon cycle.

2. Photosynthesis Review
Organism review.

3. An autotroph (Producer)
What do you call an organism that can make its own food?

4. Heterotrophs (Consumers)
What do you call organisms that must eat other organisms to obtain energy?

5. Decomposers
Organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, that break down dead organic matter to obtain energy are called?

6. Photosynthesis Review
2. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.

7. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

8. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration.
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?

9. Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2
Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration.

10. Water (H2O) + Carbon dioxide (CO2)
What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

11. Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2)
What are the reactants for cellular respiration?

12. Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2)
What are the products of photosynthesis?

13. Refer to the diagram. What is the energy source that powers photosynthesis?

14. Refer to the diagram. What energy rich molecule is produced by cellular respiration?

15. Photosynthesis Review
3. Plant structure and function: Emphasis on the leaf and the chloroplast.

16. The cell.
What is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms?

17. Name the part listed as “A.”B C D E I F H G
Name the part listed as “A.”

18. Name the part listed as “B.”C D E I F H G
Name the part listed as “B.”

19. Name the part listed as “C.”B C
Palisade mesophyll D E I F H G
Name the part listed as “C.”

20. Name the part listed as “D.”B C D
Spongy mesophyll E I F H G
Name the part listed as “D.”

21. Name the part listed as “E.”B C D E I F H G
Name the part listed as “E.”

22. Name the part listed as “F.”B C D E I
Fibrovascular Bundle F H G
Name the part listed as “F.”

23. Name the part listed as “G.”B C D E I
Fibrovascular Bundle F H G
Name the part listed as “G.”

24. Name the part listed as “H.”B C D E I F H G
Name the part listed as “H.”

25. Name the part listed as “I.”B C D E I F H G
Name the part listed as “I.”

26. The stroma
What is the fluid that fills the inner membrane of the chloroplast called?

27. Reaction: The Light reactions
Structure: Thylakoid
Reaction: The Light reactions B A C D E F
Name the structure labeled “A” and the specific reaction that occurs there?

28. What is the function of the xylem?
The xylem conducts water and mineral from the roots to the leaf tissues.
What is the function of the xylem?

29. Reaction: The Dark Reaction (Calvin cycle)
Fluid: Stroma
Reaction: The Dark Reaction (Calvin cycle) B A C D E F
Name the fluid labeled “C” and the specific reaction that occurs there?

30. A stack of thylakoids is called?
A granum
A stack of thylakoids is called?

31. Reaction: The light reaction
Structure: Granum
Reaction: The light reaction B A C D E F
Name the fluid labeled “F” and the specific reaction that occurs there?

32. Thylakoids
What do you call the small disk-like structures surrounded by the stroma.

33. Space: Thylakoid intermembrane space
Gas produced: Oxygen B A C D E F
Name the space labeled “B” and the type of gas that is produced in this location?

34. The phloem conducts food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
What is the function of the phloem?

35. Gas used: Carbon dioxide
Area: Stroma
Gas used: Carbon dioxide B A C D E F
Name the area labeled “C” and the type of gas that is used in this location?

36. The cuticle is found on the outer surface of the leaf.
Where would you find the cuticle of the leaf?

37. What is the function of the stoma.
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells of the leaf and the outside environment.
What is the function of the stoma.

38. What is the function of the cuticle?
Protects the leaf from water loss and invasion by viruses, fungus, and bacteria.
What is the function of the cuticle?

39. The upper epidermis is made up of a thin layer of transparent cells.
Describe the structure of the upper epidermis of a leaf.

40. Where is chlorophyll found?
In the thylakoid.
Where is chlorophyll found?

41. Where chlorophyll is found within the chloroplast.
Inside the thylakoids.
Where chlorophyll is found within the chloroplast.

42. Where are most of the stomata found in a leaf?
The lower epidermis.
Where are most of the stomata found in a leaf?

43. Refer to the photo above. Which stoma is open?
The one on the left.
Refer to the photo above. Which stoma is open?

44. Palisade and spongy mesophyll
Name the two types of mesophyll found in a leaf?

45. A hypotonic solution such as distilled water
Refer to the photo above. If you wanted to open the stoma on the right what type of solution would you use - a hypotonic or hypertonic solution?

46. Which type of mesophyll cells contain the most chloroplasts?
Palisade mesophyll
Which type of mesophyll cells contain the most chloroplasts?

47. This area allows for gas exchange in the leaf
This area allows for gas exchange in the leaf. Carbon dioxide (CO2) can enter the mesophyll cells and Oxygen (O2) can exit the cells.
What is the purpose of the intracellular spaces found between the spongy mesophyll?

48. Name the two cells that make up a stoma indicated in the photo above.
Guard Cells
Name the two cells that make up a stoma indicated in the photo above.

49. Photosynthesis Review
4. Electromagnetic energy and chlorophyll.

50. What spectrum of light (color) is not absorbed well by plants.
The green spectrum
What spectrum of light (color) is not absorbed well by plants.

51. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.
The sun
What is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.

52. Violet/blue and orange/red range.
What wavelengths of light (colors) does chlorophyll absorb well?

53. Chlorophyll reflects the green spectrum of light.
Why do the leaves of most plants appear green?

54. Electromagnetic Energy
Sunlight is consider to be what type of energy?

55. What portion of the electromagnetic spectrum makes up visible light?
400 – 700 nanometers
What portion of the electromagnetic spectrum makes up visible light?

56. The three pigments that make up chlorophyll include?
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
The three pigments that make up chlorophyll include?

57. Gamma rays and X-rays
Refer to the diagram above. Which end of the electromagnetic spectrum is most harmful to humans?

58. The wave length
Refer to the diagram representing a light wave. The distance between the top of one wave and the top of the next wave is known as?

59. What is the name of the pigment responsible for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the name of the pigment responsible for photosynthesis?

60. Photosynthesis Review
5. Light reactions and Dark reactions (Calvin cycle).

61. Dr. Melvin Calvin
Who won the Nobel-Prize for discovering how the light independent (dark) reactions occur?

62. What is the first stage of photosynthesis called?
The Light Reactions
What is the first stage of photosynthesis called?

63. What is the second stage or photosynthesis called?
The Calvin cycle also known as the Dark reactions or the light independent reactions.
What is the second stage or photosynthesis called?

64. In the thylakoid membrane.
Where do the light reactions occur?

65. What gas is produced during photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What gas is produced during photosynthesis?

66. During what part of photosynthesis is oxygen created?
The light reactions
During what part of photosynthesis is oxygen created?

67. The next two slides are an overview of the light reactions
The next two slides are an overview of the light reactions. Please study these diagrams until you understand the process. The first slide asks you to trace the flow of electrons through the process. The second slide explains the steps that occur as electrons move through the light reactions.

68. The Light Reactions
ADP
Be able to trace the flow of electrons through the light reactions and be able to name what is produced at the end of the electron chain. Be able to explain where water is split and oxygen is produced, where the H+ ions go after they accumulate in the Lumen. Also, be able to explain what is produced as the H+ ions move through the ATP synthase. Label both photosystems, NADP+ and NADPH, ATP, ATP synthase, the stroma, and Lumen.

69. NADP+
STROMA
LUMEN
The Light Reactions
ADP
ATP
NADPH
PSI
PSII
ATP Synthase e- e- H+ e- H O H O
WATER SPLITS TO FORM OXYGEN AND H+ IONS H H+ H+ H O2 H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ O2 O2 O2 H+ H+ H+
The red line indicates the movement of electrons from PSII to PSI and then on to NADP+. The black line indicates how H+ ions are pulled across the inner membrane to form ATP.
The NADPH and ATP created in the Light reactions then move off to the Calvin cycle (Dark reactions) to power the production of G3P, which is used to produce glucose and other organic molecules.

70. Who discovered how the light reactions occur in photosynthesis?
Dr. Daniel Arnon
Who discovered how the light reactions occur in photosynthesis?

71. What are the energy rich molecules created during the light reactions.
ATP & NADPH
What are the energy rich molecules created during the light reactions.

72. What are the inputs for 1 turn of the Calvin cycle?
3CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
What are the inputs for 1 turn of the Calvin cycle?

73. What are fossils fuels made from?
Leftover remains of plants that died millions of years ago.
What are fossils fuels made from?

74. The burning of fossil fuels.
What is one of the major causes for the increase in atmospheric CO2 over the last 150 years?

75. Where is ATP and NADPH formed during photosynthesis?
The light reactions
Where is ATP and NADPH formed during photosynthesis?

76. The Dark reactions/The Stroma
What part of photosynthesis is glucose created and where in the chloroplast does it happen?

77. The splitting of water molecules
What is the source of oxygen created during the light reactions?

78. Splitting water releases hydrogen ions into the lumen
Why does the lumen (space inside the thylakoid) become acidic?

79. Light strikes photosystem II
What is the first step in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

80. Glucose production would decrease
What would occur is the amount of carbon dioxide were decreased for a plant?

81. Where does the ADP and NADP+ go after the Calvin cycle?
Back to the light reactions
Where does the ADP and NADP+ go after the Calvin cycle?

82. Describe the flow of electrons during the light reactions.
Electrons move from Photosystem II, to water, to Photosystem I, to NADPH
Describe the flow of electrons during the light reactions.

83. What gas is produced during the light reactions?
Oxygen (O2)
What gas is produced during the light reactions?

84. What is the job of P680 and P700 molecules?
They absorb light energy and transfer electrons.
What is the job of P680 and P700 molecules?

85. What are the overall products of the light reactions?
They absorb light energy and transfer electrons.
What are the overall products of the light reactions?

86. The splitting of water molecules.
The movement of H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane during electron transport.
What are the 2 reasons that the inner space of the thylakoid contains high levels of H+ ions.

87. The source of energy for the Calvin cycle.

88. What are the overall products of the Light Reactions?
Oxygen, NADPH, and ATP
What are the overall products of the Light Reactions?

89. What are the products of the dark reactions?
Glucose
What are the products of the dark reactions?

90. Carbon dioxide
What is the source of carbon atoms used to produce glucose during the dark reactions?

91. What would occur if carbon dioxide were removed from the Calvin cycle.
There would be a decrease in sugar production.
What would occur if carbon dioxide were removed from the Calvin cycle.

92. Photosynthesis Review
6. The carbon cycle.

93. Increased burning of fossil fuels.
What is one hypothesis explaining the dramatic increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last century.

94. Describe the movement of carbon within the carbon-cycle.
Carbon moves from inorganic compounds (Carbon dioxide - CO2) to organic compounds (Glucose – C6H12O6) and back again.
Describe the movement of carbon within the carbon-cycle.

95. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Enrichment: What is the chemical name of NADPH. Spelling counts – no credit unless you spell each name correctly.