1. Invasion and Occupation, 1492-1821
12/9/2017 4:05 PM
Invasion and Occupation,
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2. Muslims of North Africa
Invade Iberian Peninsula 711CE

3. “Northern Christian Kingdoms”
Resist rule of various Muslim leaders
La Reconquista
Moors
Ferdinand and Isabella
Granada
Christian Reconquista

4. Christopher Columbus Hispaniola – Dominican Republic and Haiti.
Conquest of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean is seen as an extension of the Reconquista effort

6. The Portuguese and the African Slave Trade
1440s Portugal starts
Spain follows

7. Conquest of the Americas - overview
Death
Enslavement
Sexual violence and exploitation
Christianization (specifically Catholicism)

8. Antonio de Montesinos Became a champion of indigenes
Opposed confiscation
1511 Christmas Sermon

9. Bartolome de las Casas
Zealous participant in conquest, changed mindset.
“championed” indigenes

10. Invasion of Tenochtitlán
Hernán Cortes
Conquistadores

11. “God, Gold, & Glory” Veracruz 1519 → Tenochtitlan Moctezuma Cuahtemoc
Spain’s desire for Gold
Aggression with women
Disease

12. Why were the Spanish Victorious?
Todorov “Great Man” theory
Legend of the Sun God
Superior Weaponry
European diseases
Military Alliances

13. Malinalli or Marina or La Malinche?
Tarasco, Oaxaca, Maya
Tabasco 1519

14. The Rest of New Spain 1540 – Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
1533 – Diego de Guzman
1539 – Friar Marcos de Niza
Alvar Nunes Cabeza de Vaca
1527

15. Spanish Heritage in the Southwest
Transformation of the lands in these areas

16. Objectives in “northern frontier”
Gold
Land
Conversion
Buffer Zone

17. Permanent Settlements
Missions
Presidios
Pueblos
Cities and towns
Native Americans
Martin Enriquez de Almansa

18. Factors in Decline of indigenes
Displacement
Haciendas

19. Colonization New Mexico 1610 Pueblos vs Franciscans
Est. Santa Fe as capital
Juan de Onate
Pueblos vs Franciscans
Kivas and cultural resistance

20. The Pueblo/Great Northern Rebellion
Religion
Tewa Indians
Popé
millenarianism

21. Fallout
Recolonization in 1692
Lessons

22. Texas Colony
El Paso del Norte
Coastal Regions

23. Spanish 18th Century
Economic decline
Foreign encroachment
Rio Grande

24. El Paso del Norte Rodriguez-Sánchez Expedition Missions
Nuestra Seῆora de Guadalupe (1659)
San Lorenzo

25. Tlaxcalans
Imported as laborers
Build missions
Controversy about role

26. French in Texas
La Salle and the Mississippi River
Ft. St. Louis

27. Spanish Settlements in Texas

28. Institutional Development
Franciscans
Presidios
Population
Death and Compadrazgo
Government
Viceroy
Governor
Cabildo
Ayuntamientos

29. Economy Agriculture Missions Mining Military Hacienda Cattle Ranching
Slavery

30. California Colony – 1760s Largest colony of the Northern Frontier
Yokut – 75% pop- ulation loss
Missionizing
Coastal defense

31. Missions New Mexico Texas California Constant trouble Impermanence
Used for border control
Constant attack by Indians
Impermanence
California
Self sustaining
Almost exactly like NM but without the rebellion

32. California Missions Agriculture Indians and the mission Vaqueros
Restrictions
Father Junipero Serra
Est. first mission (San Diego, 1768)

33. Class Lines Small elite Mixed ancestry Gender lines redefined
Cast system
Peninsulares
Criollos
Indios
Mestizo
Mulatto
Black/negro