1. Songhay, Kongo, Spanish, and Portugese
Emerging States Pt. 2
Songhay, Kongo, Spanish, and Portugese

2. Songhay (1464-1591) Took power after Mali decline
Sunni Ali great ruler
Appointed governors, ruled provinces
Built powerful army
Created navy to patrol Niger River
Gao capital, controlled trade in region
Timbuktu center for Muslim education
Defeated by Moroccans, 1591

3. Kongo (1300s-1600s) Gained power in 14th century
Gave West-Central Africa centralized government
Powerful king
Officials ruled in judicial, military, and financial affairs
Began trade with Portugal both benefitted
Traded weapons, textiles for slaves, gold
Relations failed Portugal, Kongo fought
Kongo never regained power

4. Spanish and Portuguese Empires
Spanish 1st to claim land in New World
Portuguese quick to follow
Constant fighting between 2 countries
Disputes over land in New World
Pope Alexander VI Treaty of Tordesillas
Split Americas in ½ Spain West, Portugal East

6. Encomienda, Repartimiento Systems
Encomienda Native American forced labor
Hunted, killed those who resisted
Huge decline in Native population
Bartolome de las Casas monk, spoke against system
New Laws of the Indies, 1542
Banned forced labor, not enforced
Repartimiento  Natives supposed to get wages
Did not work
African slaves imported to solve population decline

7. Social Structure Most migrants men Mixed with native population
Peninsulares those directly from Iberian Peninsula
Creoles descendants of Peninsulares
Mestizos mix of European and Native
Mulattoes mix of African and European
Zambos mix of African and Native, lowest class