1. New Empires in the Americas
Chapter 2
Page 26
1450 to 1750

2. Section 1: Early Voyages of Exploration
Examine ways that Portugal sought direct trade with Asia.
Explain why Christopher Columbus made his voyage across the Atlantic.
Describe European reactions to Columbus’s voyages.

3. A. Search for a Sea Route
1400’s Venice has monopoly over Silk road and Mediterranean sea route
Portugal: Experts
New tech: Astrolabe, Caravel
Prince Henry the Navigator: Important but why?
Portugal head South
Get around Africa
Bartolomeu Dias 1487 and the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama- reached India

4. B. Columbus Wanted to go west to get east
Based on bad math
Also Viking stories
Went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
What effect did Reconquista have on this?
1492: Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria set sail
Took a little over a month
Landed at San Salvador, but also explored Hispaniola
Exploited the Taino people

5. C. Europeans Learn of Journey
Spain wanted to protect new territory from others
Pope created Line of Demarcation?
Treaty of Tordesillas
West side? East Side
What was the mistake?

6. Section 2: Europe Looks to the Americas
Determine where the Portuguese explored, and describe the outcomes of their voyages.
Evaluate the results of Spain’s explorations after Columbus’s voyages.
Explain how the Columbian Exchange affected the world.

7. A. Early Explorers Da Gama? Amerigo Vespucci? Vasco Nunez de Balboa?
Ferdinand Magellan?
Strait of Magellan?
Circumnavigate?
Philippines?
18 of the 240 original crew made it back to Portugal- 40,000 miles

8. B. Trade Atlantic Trade opened up European countries to prosperity
More nations wanted in. examples?
Lots of natural resources- gold, timber, fish
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods between Old World and the New World
Examples??

9. Section 3: The Spanish in America
Describe events that led to the fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires.
Explain how Spain organized and governed its empire in the Americas.
Examine the structure of New Spain’s economy and society.

10. A. Conquistadores
Spanish soldiers sent to conquer Americas- did it for God, glory, and gold.
Cortes
Heard stories of Aztec weath
Aztec lead by leader Moctezuma at capital of Tenochtitlan
Ruled over 10 million people
Cortes planned to conquer with only 500 soldiers
Why was Cortes successful?
Malintzin or Malinche?
Weapons, horses, disease, Native allies

11. C. Spanish Explorers Francisco Pizarro Ponce de Leon
Panfilo de Narvaiz
Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
Hernando de Soto
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

12. C. Governing New Spain Council of the Indies Two Viceroys
Viceroy of Peru an Viceroy of New Spain
Area divided into settlements
Pueblos- towns or trading posts
Missions- settlements established by priest to convert natives
Presidios- military bases

13. D. Economy of New Spain Relied on Encomienda System
This was a system of forced labor from the Natives
Wasn’t suppose to be slavery but very similar
Natives died in droves from harsh treatment and disease
Bartolome de Las Casas- priest who worked to end system
Plantations- as natives died, many settlements turned to plantations and imported slave labor from Africa

14. E. Class Structure Peninsulares- Spanish born in Spain
Criollos- Spanish people born in the Americas
Mestizos- Spanish and Indian parents

15. F. Expanding into Borderlands
Borderland include: Northern Mexico, Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and California
Very few settlers go there
St. Augustine? 1565
Santa Fe? 1609
El Paso? 1659
San Diego? 1769, Junipero Serra

16. Section 4: The Race for Empires
Explain why and how the Protestant Reformation affected relations between Spain and England.
Analyze factors that led to Spain’s decline.
Identify early experiences that European nations had in colonizing North America.

17. A. Conflict between Spain and England
Protestant Reformation
Started by Martin Luther
Protestants broke away from Catholic church
Spread throughout Europe
England became heavily protestant- ticked off mostly Catholic Spain

18. B. Spanish Armada
Phillip II of Spain send large fleet to subdue England and Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Spain growing wealthy from colonies in Americas
Elizabeth relied on Sea Dogs to attack Spanish ships
Sir Francis Drake?
Spanish Armada- sent in ships and 30,000
Smaller faster English ships destroyed the Armada
Spain declined in following years
Wealth led to inflation-

19. C. Searching for a Northwest Passage
Europeans sought way through North America to get to Asia
Really doesn’t exist
John Cabot- 1497
Jacques Cartier- 1534
Samuel de Champlain- 1600
Henry Hudson- 1609

20. D. French Settlement
Claimed by Cartier- established permanent colonies in
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of Maine
1608- Samuel de Champlain established Quebec on St. Lawrence R.
French relied on trade with Natives- Great Lakes region claimed
Jolliet and Marquette first to get to Mississippi for France
Robert de La Salle- sailed down Mississippi claiming all for France
Founded New Orleans
Population remained small- 12,000 by 1688

21. E. New Netherland
Dutch claimed areas explored by Henry Hudson on Hudson River
New Netherland- parts of Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York
New Amsterdam- Manhattan Island- settlement started by Peter Minuit
Dutch West India Company could not attract settlers
Let anyone settler there, religious toleration, very diverse

22. F. The English Settlements
Charter- document of permission from king
Roanoke- 1585
First official English colony in NA
Colonly disappeared by 1590
Crotoan
Nobody knows what happened to missing colonist