1. Colliding Worlds,
Chapter 1

2. Native American Experience
Natives enter North America from Asia
Last Ice Age, 13,000 to 3,000 BC
Bering Land Bridge
Possibly by sea

3. Natives adapted to environment
Climate
Flora
Fauna
Natives transformed their environment
Farming (c. 5,000 BC)
Extinction hunting of megafauna

4. Culture areas Mexico and South America Great Basin and Great Plains
Transformed environment with farming, settlement and large-scale irrigation projects
Maize and Three-sister farming
Great Basin and Great Plains
Adapted to environment
Dry climate, so mobile
Northeast, Mississippi River Valley and Atlantic Coast
Transformed environment by “burn-offs”
Permanent settlements with some hunter/gatherer and some agricultural practices
Pacific Northwest and California
Hunting and gathering/Fishing

5. Traits Small tribal groups (Iroquois Confederacy is exception)
Men associated with war; women with “mother earth”
Creation myths involving maize and animals
Frequent warfare

6. Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World
Why exploration?
Monarchies were strong with money and organization
Trade to Asia blocked by Arabs and Italians
Mercantilist philosophy
Crusades and Marco Polo whetted appetite
Spread Christianity, especially after Reformation
Scientific advances in navigation
Humanism

7. West and Central Africa: Origins of the Slave Trade
Three large West African kingdoms—Ghana, Mali and Songhai
Gold and slaves were mainstay of trade
Trans-Saharan slave trade gives way to Atlantic slave trade directed by Europeans
Middle Passage

8. Exploration and Conquest
Portuguese—slaves and sugar, ivory and gold
Henry the Navigator
Diaz
Da Gama
Cabral

9. Spanish Columbus St. Augustine founded Encomienda system Black Legend
Onate at Acoma--1599
Pope’s Rebellion--1680
de Las Casas versus Sepulveda

10. European Exploration Who?
Spanish—gold, territory and religion
Magellan
Balboa
Juan Ponce de Leon
De Soto
Serra
Cortes and Pizarro

11. European Exploration Consequences
Columbian Exchange or Intercontinental Exchange
Division of New World
Line of Demarcation
Treaty of Tordesillas
Mixing of races
mestizo, mulatto, zambo