1. March 27-28, 2017 Biology, Dynamics of Life Chapter 9, pages 220-241
GlucOSE AND ENERGY
March 27-28, 2017
Biology, Dynamics of Life
Chapter 9, pages

2. ENERGY CYCLE FROM LIGHT TO ATP

3. REVIEW: PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO GLUCOSE

4. GLUCOSE TO ATP OVERVIEW

5. ENERGY OVERVIEW

6. CELLULAR RESPIRATION OVERVIEW
The process by which mitochondria break down glucose to make ATP
Two types
Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen and carried out by plants, animals, and some bacteria
Anaerobic respiration: requires no oxygen and carried out by yeast, some bacteria, and sometimes animals
Chemical equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy
(Chemical/Empirical Forms)
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP
(Scientific Name)

7. Aerobic Respiration
Photorespiration
Cellular Respiration
The excess respiration taking place in green cells in the presence of light is called photorespiration. It is also called C2 cycle because two carbon glycolic acid acts as the substrate. Three organelles, namely chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria are involved in photorespiration. Generally photorespiration is found in C3 plants.
It takes place in the presence of oxygen and the respiratory substrate (glucose/pyruvate) to completely oxidise to carbon dioxide and water as end products. This type of respiration is of common occurrence and it is often used as a synonym of respiration

8. AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration starts outside the mitochondria (plural of mitochondrion)
Makes energy for the cell through the breakdown of organic carbon to power aerobic respiration
Steps of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis: First step breaks down glucose into pyruvate
(Intermediate step: Change pyruvate to acetyl CoA)
Citric Acid Cycle: Second step uses the acetyl CoA to make electrons for the last step
Electron transport chain: Third step uses the electrons to make a lot of ATP

9. Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that and extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates.
Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today
In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process. However, glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also have this pathway.

10. Differences in Glycolysis

11. Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions used to released stored energy from fats, carbohydrates, proteins into carbon dioxide and ATP by extracting elections and hydrogen in the mitochondria

12. Electron Transport Chain
Is a series of reactions of protein complexes that is responsible for producing:
Water (with the help of oxygen we breathe)
up to 34 ATP (thanks to the proton gradient)
NAD and FAD (which are recycled to be used again in the Citric acid cycle and glycolysis)
Importance
This process happens in the mitochondria
this only happens in aerobic conditions( oxygen present).
If there is a shortage of oxygen cellular respiration will take an alternative pathway at the end of glycolysis resulting in the the production of lactic acid and ATP.

13. Adenosine Triphosphate
What is the purpose of ATP?
All organisms require energy for
Active transport – Against the concentration gradient, low to high concentration
Cell division-spindle fibers attaching and pulling chromosomes to centrioles
Movement-endocyctosis, exocytosis, muscles
Production of proteins, nucleic acids,
Energy is stored in the ATP molecule
The energy is stored in phosphate attached to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) to create ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The released phosphate attaches to molecules and changes their structural orientation which alters their chemical affinity (reactivity)
Molecules with phosphate attached are used to create subunit
When the phosphate is used, it detaches and the chemical reaction is usually at the end of the
Continual Cycle
Cells recycle the ADP to make new ATP to store more energy for future use
Many proteins have spots where ATP attaches to provide energy for the protein or molecule to do its job, then the ADP is released for recycling

14. carbon dioxide + water + sunlight carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Energy Over View
Photosynthesis
Plants Only
Uses sunlight to initiate making glucose
Carbon dioxide diffuses in
Oxygen diffuses out
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight 
glucose + oxygen
Respiration
Animals and Plants
Uses or eats glucose in plants to access and breakdown glucose
Oxygen diffuses or inhales in
Carbon dioxide diffuses out
glucose + oxygen 
carbon dioxide + water + ATP