1. Hi everyone, This endocrine system ppt has not been modified for the new text. Tomorrow, I will modify as we go through it. Professor Brooks

2. The Endocrine System

3. I. The Endocrine System: An Overview
Overall Function =
B. CONTROL:
By altering __________
C. Uses Chemicals =
D. Endocrine Glands
E. Neuroendocrine Gland =
F. Other Organs that Produce Hormones
Chemicals similar to Hormones:
Autocrines:
Paracrines:

4. II. Hormones Charateristics A. The Chemistry of Hormones
Types
Amino acid:
Steroids:
Eicosanoids:
Example: Prostaglandins
paracrines & autocrines

5. B. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Target cells: most affect
1 or few Organ systems:
Different targets:
Typical Affects:
Text Page ____
Receptor:
Location
depends on:
Lipid Hormones
Non=Lipid Hormones

6. B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity … Two Main Mechanisms
Plasma Membrane Receptors:
a. Type Chemical:
- except:
Second Messenger (indirect):
2. Intracellular Receptors:
a. Type Chemical:
Intracellular Receptors (Direct Gene
Activaion):
hormone
receptor
lipid hormone
receptor 6

7. 1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger System
a. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism
Hormone binds to:
Receptor activates:
Second messenger produced:
cAMP activates:
Cell Effects
Hormone removal: Phosphodiesterase–
Effectiveness:
Hormones that act via cAMP:
Epinephrine ACTH FSH
LH Glucagon PTH
TSH Calcitonin

8. Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor.
1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems … a. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism …
Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. 1
Extracellular fluid
Receptor
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 1

9. Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor.
Extracellular fluid
Adenylate cyclase
Receptor
cAMP (2nd messenger) is produced. 4
GDP
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 4

10. Which triggers responses1
Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor.
Extracellular fluid
Adenylate cyclase 5
cAMP activates protein kinases.
G protein (GS)
Receptor
cAMP (2nd messenger)is produced. 4
GDP
Inactive protein kinase
Active protein kinase
Which triggers responses
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 5

11. 1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems … b
1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems … b. There are others– The PIP2-Calcium Signaling Mechanism

12. Protein produced changes:
B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity … 2. Intracellular Receptors and Direct Gene Activation
Entrance of Hormone:
H attaches to:
H-Receptor binds to:
Activated Gene:
Protein produced changes:
Lipid Hormone
Receptor 1

13. Receptor-hormone enters nucleus.
Steroid hormone
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid 1
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex 2
Receptor-hormone enters nucleus.
Nucleus
Figure 16.3, step 2

14. binds to a specific DNA sequence).
Steroid hormone
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex
Hormone response elements
Nucleus 3
binds to a specific DNA sequence).
DNA
Figure 16.3, step 3

15. transcription. Steroid hormone Plasma membrane Extracellular fluid1
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex 2
Hormone response elements
Nucleus 3
DNA
transcription. 4
mRNA
Figure 16.3, step 4

16. – an enzyme, structural protein, a secretion, etc…
Steroid hormone
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid 1
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex 2
Hormone response elements
Nucleus 3
DNA 4
mRNA
protein synthesis.
 new protein
– an enzyme, structural protein, a secretion, etc… 5
New protein
Figure 16.3, step 5

17. C. Target Cell Specificity 1. Activity Affected By
a. Hormone Blood levels:
b. Receptor Numbers
Up-regulation:
↑ Hormones 
Down-regulation:
c. Binding Affinity

18. D. Half-Life, Onset, and Duration of Hormone Activity 1
D. Half-Life, Onset, and Duration of Hormone Activity 1. Duration of Hormone Activity
Half-Life =
2. Removal of Hormones

19. II. Hormone Characteristics …
E. Interactiion of Hormones at Target Cells
Permissiveness:
Example:
Synergism:
Antagonism:

20. F. Control of Hormone Release
1. Negative Feedback Loops
A Stimulus:
Control Center:
Effector:
Results:
Feedback to Endocrine Gland 
Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml
Rising blood Ca2+
levels
Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood
PTH
Calcitonin
Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Falling blood Ca2+ levels
Imbalance

21. F. Control of Hormone Release
2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli–3
a. Humoral Stimuli (simplest)
Humoral =
Ends when:
Hormones:
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Insulin

22. 2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
b. Neural Stimuli =
Examples =
c. Hormonal Stimuli (most complex) i)
Hormones:

23. 1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
d. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Feedback Loop
Hypothalamus Hormones:
Function:
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
Final Hormone of feedback loop:
As it increase it will negatively feeds back to stop the Hypothalamus and Pituitary from releasing their hormones
 Rhythmic hormone release:

24. NS modifies endocrine activity: adjusts Can overrides
F. Control of Hormone Release … 2. Nervous System Modulation: Hormone interaction w/ NS
NS modifies endocrine activity:
adjusts
Can overrides
Example: Severe Stress

25. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Suggestion: Make notecards with Endocrine Gland Images – include targets, affects, and regulation (control loops)

26. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (1 of 4) 26

27. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (3 of 4) 27

28. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (4 of 4) 28

29. MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A. HYPOTHALAMUS 1
Hormones from Hypo. Released from the Posterior Pituitary
Origin:
Cell body location:
Axons Terminal location:
Hormones considered from:
Hypo. Hormones that go to the Anterior Pituitary
- Production Site:
- Path to Ant. Pit. Via: Hypophyseal Portal System: NEXT SLIDE 2
3. Hormones:
Releasing Hormones
Inhibiting Hormones

30. Relationships of Posterior Pituitary & HYPO.
Hypothalamas
synthesizes oxytocin
and ADH. 1
Paraventricular
nucleus
Hypothalamus
Supraoptic
nucleus
Oxytocin and ADH
transported along
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
tract to pituitary. 2
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
(connecting stalk)
Inferior
hypophyseal artery
Hypothalamic-
hypophyseal
tract
Oxytocin and ADH
stored in axon terminals
in posterior pituitary. 3
Axon
terminals
Oxytocin and ADH
released into blood
when neurons fire. 4
Posterior
lobe of
pituitary
Oxytocin
ADH
(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

31. - Hypophseal Portal System (Portal = Capill.VeinCapill.)
III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus… A. Hypothalamus… Hypo. Hormones That Go to The Ant Pit. …
- Hypophseal Portal System (Portal = Capill.VeinCapill.)
1st Capillary Plexus in:
HP Veins go through
2nd Capillary Plexus in:
Hormones leave and travel to:
Type of Hormones:
Releasing Hormones:
Inhibiting Hormones:
Naming of Hormones:
1st Capillary Plexus
Hypophseal Portal Veins
2nd Capillary Plexus

32. III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus… B. Pituitary Gland
Location
Lobes
Anterior Lobe: tissue = (adenohypophysis)
Posterior Lobe: tissue =
Figure 9.3

33. 1. Posterior Pituitary Hormones from Release stimulated by:
Neurohypophysis =
Hormones: (Direct Affect)
a. ADH:
Target:
Stimulus Type & ADH release:
Osmoreceptors of Hyp.: function
Increasing solute concentration
= Water is
and Blood Pressure is:
Effect:
Inhibition: via

34. 1. Posterior Pituitary… Hormones …
Oxytocin
Stimulus:
Initiation:
Target & Acttions:
Regulation:
Inhibition:

35. B. Pituitary Gland … 2. Anterior Pituitary
a. Biochemical: All
b. Hormone Mechanism:
c. Stimulus:
Releasing Hormones
Inhibiting Hormones
d. Pathways:
Hypothalamus Hormone 
ii) Hypothalamus Hormone 
iii) Regulation: Usually the last hormone in the chain inhibits production of the other hormones in the chain

36. Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Non-stimulating Hormones
Stimulating Hormones

37. e. Non-stimulating Hormones
i) Growth Hormone
Target:
Action:
growth of
Metabolic Effects:
Regulation:
Stimulation:
Inhibition GH
GHIH = Somatostatin
Synergism:

38. Growth hormone disorders ** Students Do **
Pituitary dwarfism -
Gigantism
Acromegaly
age 16
age 33
age 9
age 52

39. 2. Anterior Pituitary … e. Non-stimulating Hormone …
Prolactin (PRL)
Normal:
Target:
Action:
Stimulus:
Regulation
Path:
Inhibition:

40. i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropic Hormone Target: Stimulus:
2. Anterior Pituitary …
Stimulating Hormones
= Tropic Hormones
Function:
i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropic Hormone
Target:
Stimulus:
Action:
Regulation:
Stimulation:
Inhibition:

41. iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
corticotropin
f. Stimulating Hormones of Ant. Pit. ii) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = ACTH
Target: Adrenal Glands
Action:
Regulation:
Stimulation:
CRH =
Stress:
Inhibition:
iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH
FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Target:
Synergism w/ LH:

42. f. Stimulating Hormones iii) Gonadotropins: FSH …
Regulation:
Stimulation:
Inhibition:
LH = Lutenizing Hormone
Target:
Stimulus:
Action:
Synergism w/ FSH:
Gonadal Hormones

43. IV. Thyroid Gland Location & Structure: Microscopic: Follicles
- Parafollicular cells:
C. Thyroxine
1. Active forms: T4 & T3
2. Actions:
3. Regulation:
Release:
Inhibition:

45. D. Hormone Disorders Students Do 1. Goiters: 2. Myxodema
C. Thyroxine …
4. Production
Important:
D. Hormone Disorders Students Do
1. Goiters:
2. Myxodema
3. Grave’s Disease
4. Cretinism

46. E. Calcitonin (insignificant) Production at: Target:
IV. Thyroid Gland …
E. Calcitonin (insignificant)
Production at:
Target:
Actions: Antagonistic to
Regulation:
Stimulation:
Inhibition:

47. V. Parathyroid Glands & Parathyroid hormone
A. Location:
B. Antagonistic to
Histology & Production Site:
D. Target:
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland

48. Thyroid and Parathyroid

49. V. Parathyroid Gland & Hormone …
Actions
Activates
Stimulate
Vitamin D:
F. Regulation: Humoral
Release:
Inhibition:
G. Importance:

50. VI. Adrenal Glands A. Overview 1. Location: Parts Adrenal Tissue:
Hormones:
- Mineralocorticoids area
- Glucocorticoids area
- Sex hormone area
Layers: 3 (next slide)
b. Adrenal
Catechcholamines
Tissue:

51. Parts & Layers of Adrenal Gland
Hormones
Layers
= Capsule
= Zona Glomerulosa
= Zona Fasiculata
Adrenal Cortex
= Zona Reticularis

53. B. ADRENAL CORTEX 1. Mineralocorticoids
a. Target
b. Aldosterone
Potency & Amount:
Target:
Juxtaglomerular Complex of Kidney
Actions:
Direct Cause:

54. i) Layer: Zona Glomerulosa Stimulus: 1) and 2)
b. Aldosterone …
Most common stimuli
i) Layer: Zona Glomerulosa
Stimulus: 1) and )
Actions: ↑ blood volume & BP
Mechanism
(1) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
Stimulus:
Juxtaglomerular Complex:
angiotensin II
Zona glomerulosa cells 
i) Regulation: Humoral
Inhibition:

55. i) Regulation: Humoral
Aldosterone …
i) Regulation: Humoral
Stimulation: pressure receptors for low blood pressure & kidney for K+ concen.
Inhibition
ii) Stress Response
Short term
More prolonged
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Adrenal cortex
Releasing hormone
Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
ACTH
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Retention of sodium and water by kidneys
Increased blood volume and blood pressure
1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
2. Increased blood sugar
3. Suppression of immune system
Long-term stress response
Short-term stress response
Spinal cord
Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate

56. Adrenal Cortex (Glomerulosa and fasciculata)

57. 2. Glucocorticoids Function: b. Cortisol (significant amounts)
i) Target:
ii) Actions:
Blood Sugar maintenance
Gluconeogenesis: mechanism =
BP maintenance
Mechanism:
iii) Synergistic with:

58. iii) Under Stress (prolonged): Negative Affects of Chronic Stress -
2. Glucocorticoids …
iii) Under Stress (prolonged):
Negative Affects of Chronic Stress -
iv) Regulation: CRH (hypo)  ACTH (ant. pit.) Cortisol
Cycles:
Inhibition:
- increasing  ↓ CRH & ↓ ACTH

59. 2. Glucocorticoids ... Hormones involved in Stress
3. Gonadocorticoids
Insignificant levels normally
Short term
More prolonged
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Adrenal cortex
Releasing hormone
Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
ACTH
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Retention of sodium and water by kidneys
Increased blood volume and blood pressure
1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
2. Increased blood sugar
3. Suppression of immune system
Long-term stress response
Short-term stress response
Spinal cord
Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
2. Glucocorticoids Hormones involved in Stress

60. Adrenal Cortex – zona fasciculata

61. 4. Adrenal cortex disorders Students Do
Cushing’s syndrome–
Masculinization–
Addison’s disease– 61

62. C. Adrenal Medulla
1. Cells of: Chromaffin Cells = Modified Symp. Ganglionic neurons
2. Hormones: Catecholamines =
Target:
Actions:
- “Fight or Flight”
- brief repone
Epinephrine: 80%, greater
effect on
Norepinephrine: 20%, greater effect on

63. Zona reticularis and medulla

64. C. Adrenal Medulla … - ‘fight or flight’
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Figure 9.13, step 1

65. Figure 9.13, step 2 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
Figure 9.13, step 2

66. Figure 9.13, step 3 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses
Spinal cord
Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Figure 9.13, step 3

67. Under neural control Figure 9.13, step 4 Short term Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Short-term stress response
Spinal cord
Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Under neural control
Figure 9.13, step 4

68. Adrenal Medulla … ‘fight or flight’ …
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Short-term stress response
Spinal cord
Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
Figure 9.13, step 5

69. VII. Pancreas A. Location: Pancreatic Islets – endocrine
B. Hormones/Cells: β and α cells 
C. Regulation:
D. Target:
Insulin producers
Glucagon producers

70. Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Insulin Action
Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood
Uptake of glucose from blood is en- hanced in most body cells
Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes
Elevated blood sugar levels
Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts)
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Figure 9.15, step 7

71. 1. Regulation (only this hormone does this)
Pancreas …
Insulin
1. Regulation (only this hormone does this)
Stimulation: _________________
Inhibition: __________________
2. Actions:
Enhances
Inhibits
Inhibit
Once glucose is in cells
Energy needs met: Glucose   ATP
Excess 

72. Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Glucagon Action
Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal)
Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)
Low blood sugar levels
Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes
Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver
Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood
Figure 9.15, step 12

73. Stimulates: as above for stimulus Inhibition: ___________________
Pancreas …
F. Glucagon
1. Stimulus:
2. Regulation:
Stimulates: as above for stimulus
Inhibition: ___________________
3. Glucagon Action: raises blood glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen  ____________________
4. Synergistic with:

74. G. Disorders of the Pancreas
1. Diabetes mellitus (Hyperglycemia)
Type 1– no insulin, autoimmune disorder
Type 2 – insulin affects deficient; insulin resistance
Effects:
excessive hunger
High blood fatty acid levels 
High glucose in urine  
 Dehydration
2. Hypoglycemia

75. VIII. Pineal Gland – tiny gland of the brain
Location:
Secretes:
Actions:
Coordinates
Believed to
Excess Melatonin:
Depression in the dark

76. IX. Gonads & Placenta 2 groups of steroid hormone
A. Ovaries – produce _____
2 groups of steroid hormone
B. Testes – produce _______
Hormones:
C. Placenta – hormones produced (like hCG) to _______________________________________________

77. X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs
Parts of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart
Nearly all cells release hormones or hormone-like chemicals if damaged
A. Kidneys & Blood Production-- Erythropoietin
Reduced O2 levels in blood
Erythropoietin stimulates
Kidney releases erythropoietin
Enhanced erythropoiesis
Red bone marrow
More RBCs
Normal blood oxygen levels

78. X. Hormone Secretion By Other Organs …
HEART– Atrial Naturietic Factor
Gastrointestinal Tract
Thymus Gland-- Thymosin

79. END of PPT
Extra Slides
Review Questions

80. Review Qestions
The endocrine system makes chemical message molecules known as ____________ . Which of the following are at least partially under hormonal control?
hormones
A. Reproduction
B. Growth and development
C. Mobilization of body defenses
D. Water and electrolyte balance
E. Metabolism rates

81. Review Questions
Identify the following components of the 2nd messenger system… A
Hormone B
Receptor
Extracellular fluid
Adenylate cyclase D C
G protein (GS)
GDP
responses

82. Review Questions …
The most common stimuli for hormone release is the presence or absence of other ___________ . When ion or nutrient concentrations in the blood stimulate hormone release, the stimulus is referred to as ___________ . ________ stimuli of endocrine glands occur when nerve impulses stimulate hormone release directly.
hormones
humoral
Neural

83. Review Questions
Lipid soluble hormones are transported by ___________ proteins and stimulate responses via direct ________ activation. Hormones are degraded by ___________ of the target cells or by the _________ or __________.
plasma
gene
enzymes
liver
kidneys

84. Review Questions
The ________ ________ gland makes and releases 6 different hormones. Release of these hormones is controlled by other hormones of the _____________ region of the brain. The 2 hormones of the posterior pituitary are controlled by
Neural stimulation
hypothalamus
Other hormones
Nothing in particular
Estrogen
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus

85. Review Questions
Lack of iodine prevents the __________ gland from making __________ hormone. As a result, TSH from the _____________ continues to stimulate colloid production causing a condition known as __________ .
thyroid
thyroid
pituitary gland
goiter

86. Review Questions
Match the following glands with their hormones or functions.
Estrogen, progesterone: female reproductive cycles
melatonin: sleep cycles
Testosterone: male reproductive features
Norepinephrine, epinephrine: fight or flight
insulin, glucagon: blood sugar control
Pineal Gland
Pancreatic Islets
Testes
Ovaries
Adrenal Medulla

87. Relationships of pituitary and hypothalamus.
releases hormones. 1
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic neuron
cell bodies
Superior
hypophyseal artery
Hypophyseal
portal system
Hypothalamic hormones
travel via portal veins to pituitary. 2
• Primary capillary
plexus
• Hypophyseal
portal veins
• Secondary
capillary
plexus
Anterior lobe
of pituitary
Anterior pituitary
hormones released or inhibited… 3
TSH, FSH,
LH, ACTH,
GH, PRL
(b) Relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

88. FROM 2013 PPT Relationships of pituitary and hypothalamus.
Hypothalamas
synthesizes oxytocin
and ADH. 1
Paraventricular
nucleus
Hypothalamus
Supraoptic
nucleus
Oxytocin and ADH
transported along
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
tract to pituitary. 2
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
(connecting stalk)
Inferior
hypophyseal artery
Hypothalamic-
hypophyseal
tract
Oxytocin and ADH
stored in axon terminals
in posterior pituitary. 3
Axon
terminals
Oxytocin and ADH
released into blood
when neurons fire. 4
Posterior
lobe of
pituitary
Oxytocin
ADH
(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus