1. Endocrine System Final
Hormones and Target cells and Actions

2. Hypothalamus: Neuroendocrine
The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems by way of the pituitary gland.
One function is to secrete releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that stimulate or inhibit (like their names imply) production of hormones in the anterior pituitary.
The other function sends hormones produced by nerves in hypothalamus through the pituitary stalk to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland where these hormones are released directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin.

3. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

4. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

5. The Mother Gland

6. Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (GH), also called somatotropin or human growth hormone, peptide hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body, including bone. GH is synthesized and secreted by anterior pituitary cells called somatotrophs, which release between one and two milligrams of the hormone each day. GH is vital for normal physical growth in children; its levels rise progressively during childhood and peak during the growth spurt that occurs in puberty.

7. Thyroid hormones HPT Cascade
Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus both sense concentration of T3/T4 and increase TRH and TSH if concentration is low, decreases TRH and TSH if concentration is high
If iodine levels are insufficient Thyroid cant make T3/T4
HPT Cascade

8. Thyroid and Parathyroid blood Calcium levels
Homeostasis competing negative feedback loops

9. Pancreas and Glucose Homeostasis
Two competitive negative feedback loops
Muscle cells and brain cells use tremendous amounts of glucose per day
In a healthy person this is dynamic staying near the set point except after meals or after fasting

10. Regulation of blood glucose levels a story by the numbers
1. Your blood glucose levels are high due to an improper diet of candy bars and soda. This abnormal increase in glucose stimulates the beta cells of the pancreas gland to secrete insulin hormone.
2. This hormone travels to the liver and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
3. This hormone also causes the transport of glucose into the body cells. To be burned as fuel.
4. Soon your blood glucose levels decrease.
5. Unfortunately you are unable to eat another meal for several hours and your glucose levels decrease.
6. This condition stimulates the alpha cells of your pancreas gland to release glucagon hormone.
7. This hormone acts on the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose.
8. Glucagon also acts on the adipose tissue to breakdown triglycerides.
9. Eventually, your glucose levels return to normal.
10. The regulation of sugar works by insulin inhibiting alpha cells and glucagon inhibiting beta cells.

11. Female Hormones
HPO cascade

12. HPA Axis (cascade)

13. Increased water retention Calcitonin Blood calcium Thyroid Bone
Hormone
Regulated by:
Released from:
Target
Physiological effect
ADH
Osmotic pressure
Posterior pituitary
Kidney
Increased water retention
Calcitonin
Blood calcium
Thyroid
Bone
Decrease blood calcium GH
Blood Growth Hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Body cells
Cell division and growth
Glucagon
Blood glucose
Pancreas
Liver
Increased blood glucose
Insulin
Blood Glucose
Decreased blood glucose
Oxytocin
Pregnancy
Uterus
Uterine contraction
PTH
Blood Calcium
Parathyroid
Increased blood calcium
T3/T4
Cell metabolism
Increased cell metabolism
Prolactin
Childbirth
Anterior pituitary
Mammary glands
Breast milk ejection
IGF
Blood growth hormone

14. Cortisol and Oxidative Stress
ACTH signals adrenal glands to release more cortisol
Normal glucose provides energy for stress
Cortisol: Pulls Glucose from glycogen in liver. Breaks down muscle and converts it to amino acids then to glucose.
Lack of dopamine prevents ACTH inhibition
Chronic/ persistent
Inflammation from excess body fat
Increased Body fat
Elevated Blood glucose
Damages dopamine releasing neurons of hypothalamus
Increased insulin
production
Insulin resistance
Oxidative stress

15. Stressors