1. Organic Compounds
Organic molecules are a class of molecules which contain CARBON.
Organic molecules are composed of C, H, O, N, P, and S. They are large molecules known as MACROMOLECULES. The macromolecules are composed of submits called MONOMERS.
A POLYMER is composed of many monomers.

2. Each macromolecule has a carbon skeleton
Each macromolecule has a carbon skeleton . This hydrocarbon chain may be :
1. Straight chain
2. Branched
3. Ringed
The carbon skeleton has functional groups in the structure. These are clusters of atoms that behave in a particular manner regardless of how the rest of the molecule looks.
Examples:
COOH is a carboxyl PO4 a phosphate
OH is an alcohol NH2 is an amino
C=O is a sugar

3. 4 CLASSES OF IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

4. CARBOHYDRATES Monomer is monosaccharide
Function is for energy storage or structural
Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars
They contain C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio and may be represented by the general formula CH2O
They usually have 5 or 6 carbons Monomer is monosaccharide Monomer is monosaccharide

5. Formation of complex CARBOHYDRATES
POLYSACCHARIDES form by condensation reaction
GLYCOGEN(animals) and STARCH(plants) are energy storing
Cellulose is in plant cells
Chitin is the major component in the exoskeleton of arthropods

6. LIPIDS Monomer is the fatty acid Class includes fats, oils, and waxes
DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
Composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Energy storing molecule (9 calories/gram)

7. Types of fats Saturated fats - have only
carbon-carbon single bonds with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated fats - have at least one carbon-carbon double bond and do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

8. 4 TYPES OF LIPIDS
FATTY ACID - Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on the end
FATS AND OILS - lipids used to store energy ( Formed from the combining of 3 fatty acids + a glycerol)

9. Phospholipids- composes the cell membrane
Steroids- differ from other lipids in structure but are classified as a lipid because they are insoluble in water
examples : cholesterol
progesterone

10. PROTEINS Important structural functions
Proteins compose hair, muscles, nails,etc.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body
ENZYMES are special proteins which assist in chemical reactions

11. COMPOSITION OF A PROTEIN
Monomer is amino acid
Each has an amino group (NH2)
20 different amino acids
A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids ( usually )
A protein is composed of one or more polypeptides
Insulin is the smallest protein (51)

12. STRUCTURES OF PROTEIN . Primary - amino acid sequence
. Secondary- alpha or beta
. Tertiary-three dimensional shape
. Quaternary- arrangement of the polypeptides chains

13. NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomer is Nucleotide
which is composed of a ribose sugar, a base and a phosphate group
Adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
PO4

14. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Carries the genetic code
RNA - Ribonucleic Acid