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Published byEdith Cummings Modified over 7 years ago
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1/14/09 Warm-up: Convince me that you are alive. You must have ALL of the 8 criteria for life. Write each of them down and check them off to be sure that you are, indeed, living!
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The four major biomolecules
Organic molecules part 1
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What are we going to learn?
SB1.c Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
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ATOMS ATOMS Building blocks of matter
teeny tiny!- billions can fit on the head of a pin Made up of protons, neutrons & electrons ELEMENTS Made up of one type of atom Ex. O, H, Fe -anybody know what these symbols represent? Elements of Life 96% Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) ATOMS
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COMPOUNDS Formed when elements combine ex. CO2, NaCl MOLECULE Compound held together by covalent bonds (shared) ex. H2O
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Organic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated into two groups:
Doesn’t contain carbon Non-living Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, water Organic Contains carbon Living (or dead) Examples: wood, grass, petroleum
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Organic Chemistry Carbon: very versatile
**can bond to many different elements **can bond to other C atoms **form covalent bonds **can form single, double, triple bonds **can form a chain or ring Carbon compounds: 4 found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
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More Must Knows! Monomers: one unit of a compound
-smaller, simple molecule that can join together to form larger molecule Mono = single; mer = part Polymers: many monomers combined -complex molecule formed when 2 or more monomers combine poly = many Macromolecules -Many large molecules combined -Formed by polymerization - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
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Biomolecules They are the foundation for the structure and function of every living cell in every organism. They are the building materials and the storehouse for energy.
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Carbohydrates AKA Carbs
A carbohydrate is a simples sugar or a molecule composed of two or more simple sugars. It is composed of Carbon (C) , Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) in a ratio of 1:2:1.
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More than one class... Monosaccharides are a single sugar molecule. An example is glucose.
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More than one class .... Polysaccharides are long straight or branched chains of hundreds even thousands of sugar molecules in length. -examples: starch, cellulose
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Lipids Organic molecules that have more carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds and fewer oxygen atom than carbohydrates. Commonly called fats, oils and waxes. Lipids do not dissolve in water due to the nonpolarity of the lipid molecules. So you need a little bit of soap
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What? We want fats? Used for long term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings. Major component of plasma membranes.
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And so do plants? Waxes are long chains of fatty acids attached to an alcohol. Cutin is a wax that helps plants retain water.
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Monomers of Lipids are fatty acids:
-saturated fats = butter (main cause of high blood pressure) -trans fats = margarine, beef, pork (raise cholesterol levels) -unsaturated fats = nuts, olive oil -polyunsaturated fats = fish, cooking oils (may help lower cholesterol) Which type is best for you? worst?
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Proteins Large complex polymers
They are composed of amino acids made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
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Monomers are amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to make millions of proteins Carboxy group (-COOH) & amino group (NH2) The most diverse macromolecule Functions Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processes Used to form bone & muscles Transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease Part of the cell plasma membrane Examples: collagen, enzymes, hemoglobin, insulin, and antibodies
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Nucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, & P Monomers = nucleotides Functions
Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base 4 types of nucleotides Functions Store & transmit hereditary information Two types RNA (ribonucleic acid) –in nucleus and cytoplasm DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) –in nucleus
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Nucleotides are pretty useful...
Are the structural units of adenosine phosphates (ATP, NAD+, NADP+), nucleotide coenzymes, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
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