1. 1/14/09
Warm-up:
Convince me that you are alive. You must have ALL of the 8 criteria for life. Write each of them down and check them off to be sure that you are, indeed, living!

2. The four major biomolecules
Organic molecules part 1

3. What are we going to learn?
SB1.c
Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

4. ATOMS ATOMS Building blocks of matter
teeny tiny!- billions can fit on the head of a pin
Made up of protons, neutrons & electrons
ELEMENTS
Made up of one type of atom
Ex. O, H, Fe -anybody know what these
symbols represent?
Elements of Life
96%  Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)
ATOMS

5. COMPOUNDS
Formed when elements combine
ex. CO2, NaCl
MOLECULE
Compound held together by covalent bonds (shared)
ex. H2O

6. Organic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated into two groups:
Doesn’t contain carbon
Non-living
Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, water
Organic
Contains carbon
Living (or dead)
Examples: wood, grass, petroleum

7. Organic Chemistry Carbon: very versatile
**can bond to many different elements
**can bond to other C atoms
**form covalent bonds
**can form single, double, triple bonds
**can form a chain or ring
Carbon compounds: 4 found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

8. More Must Knows! Monomers: one unit of a compound
-smaller, simple molecule that can join together to form larger molecule
Mono = single; mer = part
Polymers: many monomers combined
-complex molecule formed when 2 or more monomers combine
poly = many
Macromolecules
-Many large molecules combined
-Formed by polymerization
- carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

9. Biomolecules
They are the foundation for the structure and function of every living cell in every organism.
They are the building materials and the storehouse for energy.

10. Carbohydrates AKA Carbs
A carbohydrate is a simples sugar or a molecule composed of two or more simple sugars.
It is composed of Carbon (C) , Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) in a ratio of 1:2:1.

11. More than one class...
Monosaccharides are a single sugar molecule. An example is glucose.

12. More than one class ....
Polysaccharides are long straight or branched chains of hundreds even thousands of sugar molecules in length.
-examples: starch, cellulose

13. Lipids
Organic molecules that have more carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds and fewer oxygen atom than carbohydrates.
Commonly called fats, oils and waxes.
Lipids do not dissolve in water due to the nonpolarity of the lipid molecules. So you need a little bit of soap

14. What? We want fats?
Used for long term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings.
Major component of plasma membranes.

15. And so do plants?
Waxes are long chains of fatty acids attached to an alcohol. Cutin is a wax that helps plants retain water.

16. Monomers of Lipids are fatty acids:
-saturated fats = butter (main cause of high blood pressure)
-trans fats = margarine, beef, pork (raise cholesterol levels)
-unsaturated fats = nuts, olive oil
-polyunsaturated fats = fish, cooking oils (may help lower cholesterol)
Which type is best for you? worst?

17. Proteins Large complex polymers
They are composed of amino acids made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

18. Monomers are amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to make millions of proteins
Carboxy group (-COOH) & amino group (NH2)
The most diverse macromolecule
Functions
Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes)
Regulate cell processes
Used to form bone & muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease
Part of the cell plasma membrane
Examples: collagen, enzymes, hemoglobin, insulin, and antibodies

19. Nucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, & P Monomers = nucleotides Functions
Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base
4 types of nucleotides
Functions
Store & transmit hereditary information
Two types
RNA (ribonucleic acid) –in nucleus and cytoplasm
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) –in nucleus

20. Nucleotides are pretty useful...
Are the structural units of adenosine phosphates (ATP, NAD+, NADP+), nucleotide coenzymes, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)