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Macromolecules August 19, 2016.

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Presentation on theme: "Macromolecules August 19, 2016."— Presentation transcript:

1 Macromolecules August 19, 2016

2 Objective Identify macromolecules and describe their functions

3 Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers. Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things

4 Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers. Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things

5 Carbohydrates All have formula: CnH2nOn Classified as
Monosaccharides (one) Disaccharides (two) Polysaccharids (many) Function in humans: Energy storage Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Glucose (monosaccharide)

6 Monosaccharides Glucose – Ribose – found in nucleic acids
used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose – found in nucleic acids Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate

7 Monosaccharides Glucose – Ribose – found in nucleic acids
used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body Ribose – found in nucleic acids Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate glucose ribose

8 Disaccharides Lactose Found in milk
Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

9 Polysaccharides Glycogen Used for energy storage in liver & muscles
Made of glucose molecules Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

10 Carbohydrate Quick Review
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? What is the main function of carbohydrates in humans? How will you recognize a carbohydrate? Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

11 Lipids Diverse, but all are non-polar (thus hydrophobic) Type Function
Triglycerides (fats & Oils) Energy storage, insulation Steroids (including cholesterol) Hormones, part of cell membrane Phospholipids Chief component of cell Membrane; Covers Nerves Vitamins (A, E, K) Vital for many functions Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

12 Triglycerides Fun Facts
What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats? Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

13 Triglycerides Fun Facts
What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats? Oils are liquid at room temperature, while fats are solid. Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

14 Triglycerides Fun Facts
What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

15 Triglycerides Fun Facts
What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats? Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogens and thus form a straight chain. Unsaturated fats have some double bonds, and thus are bent. Saturated fat raises total cholesterol and increases risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes Unsaturated fat - opposite

16 Energy Storage: Lipids Vs. Carbs
Usually long-term More energy dense Cannot be easily transported Doesn’t impact osmotic balance Less easily digested Carbs Usually short-term Less energy dense Can be transported Impacts osmotic balance More easily digested Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

17 Lipid Quick Review What property do all Lipids share?
Name 3 examples of lipids in the body. Why would we store excess energy as Fat, rather than carbohydrates? Living things contain inorganic compounds (nacl) Some organic compounds (plastic) not found in living things Think about words: condensation (dehydration synthesis), hydrolysis Think about word: carbohydrate Sucrose = plant form of glucose

18 Amino Acids Proteins are folded-up chains of amino acids. There are 20
commonly occurring amino acids.

19 Protein structure 2050 variations in primary structure of a 50 aa protein. That 1 X 10^65

20 Functions of Proteins Partial list only! Function Example Details
Shape Enzymes lactase Breaks down lactose globular Movement myosin & actin Slide past each other to cause muscle contraction Fibrous Transport hemoglobin Carries oxygen in blood Structural collagen Tough fiber that provides strength Hormones insulin Regulates blood sugar Defense immunoglobins Antibodies Partial list only! 2050 variations in primary structure of a 50 aa protein. That 1 X 10^65

21 Nucleic Acids DNA: Genetic Information
RNA: Transcribes and translates DNA to make proteins

22 Nucleotide structure Each nucleotide has three parts:
A phosphate group A sugar A nitrogenous base (A, C, T, or G)

23 ATP The energy Currency of the Cell

24 Stop & Jot, then Share Which macromolecule has the most complex structure? Why do you say that? Which macromolecule has the most diversity of functions?

25 Quick Review Identify the macromolecule and Function RNA Phospholipid
Glycogen Collagen Lactose Insulin

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