1. The Fetal Period (9th-38th Week)

2. Chronology of Human Development
·  Day 1 - conception takes place.
·   days - blastocyst implants in mother’s uterus.
·   18 days - heart begins to beat.
·   4 weeks - eye, ear and respiratory system begin to form.
·   6 weeks - brain waves recorded, skeleton complete, reflexes present.
·     8 weeks - all body systems present.
·   12 weeks - weighs one ounce.
·  16 weeks - genital organs clearly differentiated, fetus kicks and turns
·   20 weeks - has hair on head, weighs one pound, 12 inches long.
·   23 weeks - 15% chance of viability outside of womb if birth premature.
·   24 weeks - 56% of babies survive premature birth.
·   25 weeks - 79% of babies survive premature birth.
10 week fetus

3. Video of Embryonic Development

4. 10 Week Old Fetus and Placenta

5. Development of the Placenta and Fetal Membranes

6. Implantation of the Blastocyst (Day 7)

7. By 8 Days, the Amniotic Cavity Appears

8. By 9 Days, the Embryo is Completely Implanted in the Uterine Endometrium

9. Days 10-13 of Embryonic Development

10. Days 12-15 of Embryonic Development

11. Formation of the Chorionic Villi

12. Human Embryo at the Beginning of the Second Month of Development

13. Transverse Section through a Full Term Placenta
Functions of the Placenta
1.) provide nutrients and oxygen
2.) remove metabolic waste
3.) provide maternal antibodies
4.) produce steroid hormones
(estrogen and progesterone)
to maintain pregnant state
5.) produce HCG to support
corpus luteum
6.) produce prostaglandins which
is involved in maintenance of
pregnancy and onset of labor.

14. RH Incompatibility: Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Rh factors are a group of surface molecules that are present on the
surface membrane of red blood cells in most individuals.
Rh factors provoke a strong immune response in Rh- individuals
Anti-Rh antibodies can be administered to the Rh- mother immediately
after birth of each Rh+ baby. These antibodies destroy Rh+ red blood
cells in her circulation before they stimulate her own immune response;
this prevents her from manufacturing anti-Rh antibodies.

15. Prenatal Screening Techniques
Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling
-usually between weeks of gestation performed weeks of gestation
-.5% fetal loss with Amniocentesis % fetal loss with CVS

16. Ultrasonography
Transducer produces a stream of inaudible, high frequency sound
waves ( megahertz) that penetrate the body and bounce off
organs inside.

17. Example of Ultrasound

18. Ultrasound can be used to determine gestational age and assess fetal size
a) The Crown-rump length (CRL) This measurement can be made between 7 to 13 weeks and gives very accurate estimation of the gestational age.
b) The Biparietal diameter (BPD) The diameter between the 2 sides of the head. This is measured after 13 weeks. It increases from about 2.4 cm at 13 weeks to about 9.5 cm at term. Different babies of the same weight can have different head size, therefore dating in the later part of pregnancy is generally considered unreliable.
c) The Femur length (FL) Measures the longest bone in the body and reflects the longitudinal growth of the fetus.
d) The Abdominal circumference (AC) The single most important measurement to make in late pregnancy. It reflects more of fetal size and weight rather than age.

19. 2-D Versus 3-D Ultrasonography

20. Body Changes during Pregnancy

21. Your Changing Body
1 Month
3 Months
6 Months
9 Months

22. Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Total Weight Gain = 24-30lbs

23. External and Internal Fetal Monitoring Approaches

24. Fetal Monitoring Graph
Heartbeat
Uterine
Contractions

25. Presentation Positions
97% of all Preg % of all Preg <.5% of all Preg.

26. Cesarean Section
Occurs about 20-25% of the time

27. 4 Stages of Labor
Stage 1: begins with the onset of true labor contractions
and lasts until the cervix is completely dilated.
Stage 2: begins when the cervix is completely dilated
and ends when the baby is born.
Stage 3: begins after the baby is delivered and ends when
the placenta is expelled.
Stage 4: begins when the placenta is expelled and lasts until
the woman’s medical condition is stabilized.

28. First Stage of Labor

29. Common Methods of Anesthesia

30. Negotiating the Birth Canal

31. Common Types of Episiotomies

32. Stage 2: Delivery of Baby and Placenta

33. Serge and Melinda are having a baby