1. Prologue: The Rise of Democratic Ideas

2. Journal
Can large groups govern themselves without a powerful ruler? Why or why not?

3. Influence on Democracy
Prologue Section 1
Greek Leader
Role in Developing Democracy
Solon
2. Cleisthenes
3. Pericles
Important Principles
Written Legal Codes
Roman Laws
Influence on Democracy

4. Journal
Discuss with a classmate and then write about the positive and negative aspects of a direct democracy vs. an indirect democracy.

5. Sec. 2 Judeo-Christian Tradition

6. Discuss
What do you know about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?

7. Judaism
Early history of the Jews (Hebrews) is in the Torah (1st 5 books of the Bible)
Leader of the Jews = Abraham
Polytheists = more than one God + sacrifices to please them
Jews = one God + moral life

8. Judaism Humans are created in God’s image
Each person has worth just by being a child of God
Moral freedom = choose between good and evil
Written code of laws = Ten Commandments = given to their leader Moses by God
Oppose injustice, oppression, poverty

9. Discuss
Ten Commandments Primary Source

10. Christianity
Judea (ancient Palestine) is occupied by Romans when Jesus is born (4 B.C.)
His teaching goes beyond Ten Commandments
Love everyone
Repent to have eternal life
According to followers he rises from the dead 3 days after crucifixion

11. Christianity Paul, a disciple of Jesus, helps spread Christianity
Tells people he is the son of God and all humans are equal
Romans send Jews into exile in A.D. 70
380 A.D. Christianity = official religion of empire
Emphasized the worth of the individual and equality before God

12. Islam Develops in early 600s
Based on teachings of Prophet Muhammad -> can be found in the Koran
Brotherhood of all people
Muslims are required to help those in need

13. The Foundation of Democratic Thinking
Combat oppression
The worth of the individual
The equality of people before God

14. Renaissance and Reformation
1300s – cultural movement starts in Italy
Classical Greek and Roman texts about govt. are studied
Artists capture individual character (the importance of the individual)
Explorers go to the Americas
Encourages ideas about human achievement + potential -> the use of reason
Roman Catholic Church has become the most powerful institution in Europe
1517 Martin Luther criticizes the selling of indulgences
Protestants = want to reform Catholic Church + direct relationship with god -> individuals can interpret Bible for themselves -> question the power of the pope + monarchs -> salvation comes through faith in god

15. Democracy develops in England
Section 3
Democracy develops in England

16. Reforms in Medieval England
King Henry II ( ) of England develops jury trial with a royal judge
Common law – reflects customs and principles established over time
King John raises taxes after war with France -> nobles force him to sign the Magna Carta -> guarantees basic legal rights for English people
Due process of law = jury trial guarantee
No taxes without consent of Parliament

17. Model Parliament King Edward needs money to pay for war with France
He needs support
Calls lords, knights, burgesses (important citizens) for a meeting to vote on taxes and reforms = Model Parliament
House of Commons and House of Lords is created (Parliament)

18. Parliament Grows Stronger
Votes on taxes, passes laws, advises on royal policies
Kings throughout Europe in the 1600s claim their power comes from God (divine right)

19. Section 4: The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolutions

20. Journal 1. What did the Greeks value in humans?
2. How did the Christians contribute to democratic thought?
3. How did the Jews contribute to democratic thought?
4. Where do you think the belief in equal rights comes from?

21. Enlightenment Thinkers and Ideas
Hobbes
Locke
Leviathan (1651) – people are selfish and ambitious -> need an absolute monarch
Social contract – people agree to a powerful ruler to prevent disorder
Two Treatises of Govt. (1690) – all humans have natural rights (life, liberty, and property)
Rebel against govt. if these are not protected
Govt. power comes from the people

22. Enlightenment Thinkers and Ideas
Voltaire
Rousseau
Freedom of religion + speech
The Social Contract (1762) – free individuals should create a govt. that responds to the people

23. Montesquieu
Natural rights to freedom can be protected by dividing govt.

24. The Beginnings of Democracy in America
American colonists help British defeat the French
British Parliament taxes American colonists but there are no colonists in Parliament
American Rev.
Begins with Dec. of Independence
Locke’s ideas influence the writers of the Dec. of Independence (July 4, 1776)

25. The Beginnings of Democracy in America
Constitution (1787)
Representative govt.
Federal system = federal (central) govt. and state or local govts.
Executive, legislative, and judicial branch

26. The French Revolution Louis XVI’s wife Marie Antoinette = unpopular
Huge debt
Commoners paid taxes
Middle class is influenced by
Enlightenment = freedom of speech +
social contract
American Rev.
Louis XVI raises taxes
Commoners form the National Assembly
Draft Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Constitution – limited monarchy
Bastille, prison in Paris, is taken over by protestors

27. The French Revolution Fails
King, aristocracy, and many Catholics still have too much power
Absolute monarchs throughout Europe attack France
Reign of Terror – opponents of revolution are killed
1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte creates a dictatorship
Equality was promised but not backed up

28. The Struggle for Democracy Continues
United Nations (1945)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Worldwide standard for basic social, political, and economic rights

29. The Struggle for Democracy Continues
1990s – breakup of Soviet Union allows 15 new countries to rule themselves
South Africa ends apartheid and establishes a democratic govt.