1. Ch. 1a - The Nature of Science
Defining Science
Problem-Solving
Scientific Method
Experimental Design

2. A. Defining Science Pure Science
research that adds to the body of scientific knowledge
has no practical use
Applied Science (Technology)
the practical application of scientific knowledge

3. A. Defining Science PURE APPLIED human genetics polymer science
atomic theory
study of the human ear
APPLIED
DNA fingerprinting
Lycra® spandex
nuclear weapons
hearing aids

4. A. Defining Science Life Science the study of living organisms
Earth Science
the study of Earth and space
Physical Science
the study of matter and energy
chemistry & physics

5. B. Problem-Solving 1. Identify the problem. What do you know?
What do you need to know?
2. Plan a strategy.
Look for patterns.
Break the problem into smaller steps.
Develop a model.

6. Identify - Plan - Execute - Evaluate
B. Problem-Solving
3. Execute your plan.
4. Evaluate your results.
Did you solve the problem?
Is your answer reasonable?
Identify - Plan - Execute - Evaluate

7. C. Scientific Method Hypothesis - testable prediction
Theory - explanation of “why”
based on many observations & experimental results
Scientific Law - prediction of “what”
describes a pattern in nature

8. THEY ARE NOT SET IN STONE!
C. Scientific Method
Theories and laws are well-accepted by scientists, but...
THEY ARE NOT SET IN STONE!
They are revised when new information is discovered.

9. C. Scientific Method 1. Determine the problem. 2. Make a hypothesis.
3. Test your hypothesis.
4. Analyze the results.
5. Draw conclusions.

10. C. Scientific Method 1. Determine the problem.
When the Titanic sank, what happened to the water level on shore?
2. Make a hypothesis.
The water level rose.
The water level dropped.
The water level stayed the same.

11. C. Scientific Method 3. Test your hypothesis. 4. Analyze the results.
How could we test our hypothesis?
4. Analyze the results.
What happened during our test?
5. Draw conclusions.
Was our hypothesis correct?
Is further testing necessary?

12. D. Experimental Design
Experiment - organized procedure for testing a hypothesis
Key Components:
Control - standard for comparison
Single variable - keep other factors constant
Repeated trials - for reliability

13. D. Experimental Design Types of Variables Independent Variable
adjusted by the experimenter
what you vary
Dependent Variable
changes in response to the indep. variable
what you measure

14. D. Experimental Design Hypothesis:
Storing popcorn in the freezer makes it pop better.
Control:
Popcorn stored at room temp.

15. D. Experimental Design Single variable: Storage temperature Constants:
Popcorn brand
Freshness
Storage time
Popper

16. D. Experimental Design Independent Variable: Storage temperature
Number of unpopped kernels

17. Ch. 1.2a - Measurement I. Units of Measurement Number vs. Quantity
SI Base Units & Prefixes
Derived Units
Density Calculations

18. A. Number vs. Quantity
Quantity - number + unit
UNITS MATTER!!

19. B. SI Units Quantity Base Unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg
Time
second s
Temp
kelvin K
Current
ampere A

20. D M V D = M V C. Derived Units Combination of base units.
Volume - length  length  length
1 cm3 = 1 mL dm3 = 1 L
Density - mass per unit volume (g/cm3) D M V
D = M V

21. D M V D. Density V = 825 cm3 M = DV D = 13.6 g/cm3
An object has a volume of 825 cm3 and a density of 13.6 g/cm3. Find its mass.
GIVEN:
V = 825 cm3
D = 13.6 g/cm3
M = ?
WORK:
M = DV
M = (13.6 g/cm3)(825cm3)
M = 11,220 g D M V

22. D M V D. Density D = 0.87 g/mL V = M V = ? M = 25 g V = 25 g 0.87 g/mL
1) A liquid has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume is occupied by 25 g of the liquid?
GIVEN:
D = 0.87 g/mL
V = ?
M = 25 g
WORK:
V = M D D M V
V = g
0.87 g/mL
V = 28.7 mL

23. D M V D. Density M = 620 g D = M V = 753 cm3 D = ? D = 620 g 753 cm3
2) You have a sample with a mass of 620 g & a volume of 753 cm3. Find density.
GIVEN:
M = 620 g
V = 753 cm3
D = ?
WORK:
D = M V D M V
D = g
753 cm3
D = 0.82 g/cm3

24. III. Unit Conversions SI Prefix Conversions Dimensional Analysis
Ch. 1.2b - Measurement
III. Unit Conversions
SI Prefix Conversions
Dimensional Analysis

25. A. SI Prefix Conversions
1. Find the difference between the exponents of the two prefixes.
2. Move the decimal that many places.
To the left
or right?

26. A. SI Prefix Conversions=
532 m = _______ km
0.532
NUMBER
UNIT
NUMBER
UNIT

27. A. SI Prefix Conversions
Symbol
Factor
mega- M
106
kilo- k
103
deci- d
10-1
centi- c
10-2
move left
move right
milli- m
10-3
micro- 
10-6
nano- n
10-9
pico- p
10-12

28. A. SI Prefix Conversions
0.2
1) 20 cm = ______________ m
2) A = ______________ mA
3) 45 m = ______________ nm
4) 805 dm = ______________ km 32
45,000
0.0805

29. B. Dimensional Analysis
The “Factor-Label” Method
Units, or “labels” are canceled, or “factored” out

30. B. Dimensional Analysis
Steps:
1. Identify starting & ending units.
2. Line up conversion factors so units cancel.
3. Multiply all top numbers & divide by each bottom number.
4. Check units & answer.

31. B. Dimensional Analysis
Lining up conversion factors:
= 1
1 in = 2.54 cm
2.54 cm cm
1 =
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 in in

32. B. Dimensional Analysis
Your European hairdresser wants to cut your hair 8 cm shorter. How many inches will he be cutting off? cm in
8 cm
1 in
2.54 cm
= 3.15 in 

33. B. Dimensional Analysis
How many milliliters are in 1 quart of milk? qt mL
1 qt
1 L
1.057 qt
1000 mL
1 L
= 946 mL

34. B. Dimensional Analysis
5) Assume your mass is 55 kg. How many pounds do you weigh? kg lb
55 kg
2.2 lb
1 kg
= 121 lb

35. B. Dimensional Analysis
6) How many feet long is a 5K (5 km) race? km ft
5 km
1 mi
1.609 km
5280 ft
1 mi
= 16,408 ft

36. B. Dimensional Analysis
7) How many grams does a 10-lb. bag of potatoes weigh? lb g
10 lb
1 kg
2.2. lb
1000 g
1 kg
= 4545 g

37. B. Dimensional Analysis
8) Taft football needs 550 cm for a 1st down. How many yards is this? cm yd
550 cm
1 in
2.54 cm
1 ft
12 in
1 yd
3 ft
= 6.01 yd

38. II. Graphing Types of graphs Graphing & Density
Ch Measurement
II. Graphing
Types of graphs
Graphing & Density

39. A. Types of Graphs Line Graph
shows the relationship between 2 variables
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable

40. A. Types of Graphs
Bar Graph
shows information collected by counting

41. A. Types of Graphs Pie Graph
shows distribution of parts within a whole quantity

42. B. Graphing & Density
Mass (g)
Volume (cm3)

43. Hazard Coding System MSDS Safety Rules
LABORATORY SAFETY
Hazard Coding System
MSDS
Safety Rules

44. HAZARD CODING SYSTEM FLAMMABILITY HEALTH REACTIVITY (STABILITY)
SPECIAL

45. 4 2 3 4 HAZARD CODING SYSTEM 4 Will burn readily Will not burn Least
Least
Serious 4
Most 4 2 3 4
Will burn readily
Will not burn

46. MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet On file for all purchased chemicals.
Includes all information shown on a chemical label and more.
Different formats are used by different chemical companies.