1. PAD 40 Mr.Longval and Ms.Vallance
WINTER CAMPING
PAD 40
Mr.Longval and Ms.Vallance

7. Evaluating Weather Wind Precipitation
Thunder storms and weather patterns
Frost
Breezes changing
Snow level: deep or shallow
Snow quality: powder, packed, breakable crust
Clothing
Risk of hypothermia and cold injuries
Strength and experience of the group
Distance you will be travelling

8. Weather Conditions
Very cold temperatures can cause trees and limbs to break from snow or wind
Warming temperatures and sunshine can cause large amounts of snow

9. What is Hypothermia?
A decrease in the core body temperature to a level at which normal muscular and cerebral (brain) functions are impaired

10. What causes hypothermia?
Cold temperatures (below freezing or 4ºC)
Improper clothing and equipment
Wetness
Fatigue
Dehydration
Poor food intake
Alcohol intake

11. Signs and Symptoms Mild Hypothermia
Changes in coordination and level of consciousness
Body temperature between 99-95ºF. (normal is 98.6ºF)
Shivering
Unable to perform complex motor functions like climbing but can still walk and talk
Goose bumps
Numb hands

12. Signs and Symptoms Continued Moderate Hypothermia
Core temperature of 95-90ºF
Dazed consciousness
Loss of fine motor coordination (mostly in hands)
Slurred speech
Violent shivering
Loss of muscle coordination

13. Signs and Symptoms Continued Severe Hypothermia
Core temperature of 90-75ºF
Shivering occurs in waves
Persons is unable to walk or stand and curls up in the fetal position to conserve heat
Skin is pale
Decrease in breathing and pulse
Dilated pupils
Muscle rigidity develops
Confusion
Semiconsciousness or unconscious

14. Treatment Reduce heat loss Add layers of clothing
Change to dry clothing
Consume fluids and food to rehydrate and receive energy
Add heat if experiencing severe hypothermia (hot water bottles, towels)

15. Cold Injuries Frostnip
-freezing the top layer of the skin causing skin to turn white and body to become numb
-often found on cheeks, earlobes, fingers and toes
Frostbite
-Skin is white and has a wooden feel
-numbness
-can include freezing of muscles or bones

16. Cold Injuries Continued
Trench Foot
-prolonged exposure of feet to cool and wet conditions
-circulation is restricted
-effected tissue dies due to lack of oxygen and nutrients while toxins buildup
-causes permanent damages to the circulatory system

17. Cold Injuries Continued
Chillblains
-repeated exposure of bare skin to temperatures below 15 degrees celsius
-causes redness and itching of the effected area
-found on cheeks, ears, fingers and toes

18. ALIVE

19. Cooking in the winter
Avoid taking fruits and vegetables since they contain a great amount of water and freeze easily.
Take mostly dry foods (cereal, rice, pasta, oatmeal)
Freeze dried foods are quick and easy meals
Meals should contain 50% complex carbohydrates (easy to digest) , 20% protein (builds muscle tissue) and 30% fats (release heat over time)

20. Cooking Continued
High-calorie meals are beneficial in winter weather camping, as the body uses more calories in the outdoors during the cold season than any other
Foods should be high in fat, complex carbohydrates and protein as they release energy slowly
Chocolate bars, protein bars, nuts of all kinds, and canned meats are good choices.

21. Important Considerations
Drink lots of fluids to decrease risk of dehydration (at least one litre of water per day)
Do not leave your food in the open just because it is cold outside. Not securing your food properly can attract unwanted animals.

22. IIn groups of 4 come up with a menu for an entire day of winter camping including: breakfast, lunch, snacks and dinner

23. Good Sources of Food for Winter Camping
Beef
Fish
Pasta
Cheese
Beans
Oatmeal
Rice
Cereal
Corn
Peanut Butter
Baked Goods (Cookies, Brownies)

24. Meal Preparation
To make a fire, dig a hole in the snow. Put down a layer of medium-sized sticks as a base. Then build the fire on top of the wood.
Use an object (a pad or board) under your stove to slow down the heat transfer from the stove to the ground
Keep lids on pots to save fuel

25. Making Meal Preparation Easy
One pot meals
Pre-made foods (chili)
Instant foods (rice, soup)
Packaging -precut foods (limits cold exposure) and pack meals together

26. Tools Needed for Meal Preparation
Pots
Frying Pans
Grips or Pliers for Pot Grabber
Cooking Utensils
Cooking Fuel
Bowl
Spork
Stove

27. Melting Snow When there is no other water source available
Melting snow or ice in a pot to be used for drinking water
Can be a slow process unless an inch of water is added to the bottom of the pot

28. Clothing Materials for Winter Camping
Wool: absorbs moisture, is wind resistant and inexpensive -Can become heavy when a great amount of water is absorbed but will still provide insulation Fleece: made of plastic and holds less water than wool making it dry faster Polypropylene: cannot absorb water. Warm directly against the skin to keep body from being wet and reduces evaporative heat loss

29. Clothing Hat or Balaclava to decrease heat loss through you head
Wool Socks (atleast 2 pairs)
Insulated underwear (2 pairs)
Wind Jacket with Hood
Winter Jacket with Hood
Wicking shirts
Wool sweater
Fleece
Shell
Long and short sleeve shirts
Wind Pants
Ski Pants
Water proof hiking boots
Mittens
Gloves

30. Layering
Layer 1: Base layer that transports moisture away from the body and wicks moisture from the skin
-Synthetic material or wool
Layer 2: Adds extra insulation and traps insulating air
Layer 3: Wind and water repellent shell
Layer 4: Windproof
-Should not only be done on the body but also feet, hands and head

31. Miscellaneous Camping Tools
Sleeping Bag
Thermarest
Pillow case (use clothes to stuff it)
Tent
Knife
Saw
Axe
First Aid Kit
Water Bottle Insulator
Headlamp
Sunscreen
Fire starter (lighter, matches)
Tarps
Water Filter
Extra Food
Compass
Map

32. Camping Gear Continued
Large Frame Pack
Stuff Sacks of different sizes

33. Types of Shelters for Winter Camping

34. How to choose which shelter to build
The amount of sunlight left (time)
Precipitation (snow and rain)
Location
Available materials

35. SNOW CAVE
Digging into a snow drift creating a hollow

36. QUINZEE
Make a circle in the snow that is big enough for the amount of people that will be sleeping in the quinzee
Use a shovel to mix up the snow inside the circle
Make a large pile of snow on top of the circle shaping it into a dome. The snow should be heaped, not packed.
Allow the mound to set for 1 to 3 hours depending on the weather

37. QUINZEE CONTINUED
Begin to hollow out the mound of snow after it has hardened digging straight in at first to create an opening.
Then dig out the snow at an upward angle
Continue until the interior area is large enough
Smooth out the interior walls and ceiling
Poke a ventilation hole through the top of the dome using a long stick

38. QUINZEE

39. IGLOO Can be difficult without considerable practice
Cutting blocks and placing them end to end on their narrow edges in a circle
Gradually begins to spiral upward
Blocks must be trimmed and positioned so that they lean slightly inward
Fill in any cracks or holes for the final product

40. SNOW TRENCH
Dig a hole in the snow a foot longer than your body and 3 feet wide
Continue digging until the hole is about 3 feet deep from the floor to the upper edge
Make an entrance about 1.5 feet wide and 1.5 feet long
Cover half of the floor with soft branches and boughs for extra insulation
Include a roof made of material available in the forest and then covered with a thick layer of snow

41. SNOW TRENCH

42. LEAN-TO
Find two long branches that can be pushed deep in the ground to be used as two standards to hold up the lean-to.
Next find a large branch that will hang high been the two standards and fasten these on using rope or wire.
Add smaller branches at a 45º angle along the large branch between the standards
Then cover the lean to with debris found in the forest

43. LEAN-TO

44. A-FRAME Can be built using branches and debris or tarps
Secure two long branches against a tree crossing the tops of the branches making an X
Build the walls using smaller sticks placing them vertically and close together along the two large branches
Looks like a double lean-to
Insulate the walls with either debris or tarps

45. A-FRAME

46. TENT Four seasons tent Resistant to high winds and heavy snow fall
All vents can be closed during storms
Tougher material
Multiple strong guy-lines for anchoring
Will not keep you as warm as a snow shelter because of the insulation that snow provides

47. FOUR SEASONS TENT

48. Sleeping during winter camping
A thick sleeping pad for insulation from the ground that is as wide as your sleeping bag and long enough to support your head
A winter sleeping bag or two summer sleeping bags (mummy-style)
Unpack your sleeping bag as soon as camp is set up so that it retain its insulating ability
Inner and outer layers can be used for added warmth

49. Clothing for Sleeping Flannel Pajamas Heavy Socks Jogging Pants
Long underwear
Jacket or sweater with a hood
Toque (lose most of the heat from your head)
DO NOT WEAR THESE CLOTHES DURING THE DAY THEY MUST STAY DRY AND CHANGED INTO RIGHT BEFORE GOING TO BED.

50. Other considerations for sleeping
Put a bottle of warm water in your sleeping bag to keep your feet and body warm
Sealed bottle of water can also be put in the sleeping to keep from freezing
Put your boots into a stuff sack over night to keep them from freezing or put them in between your sleeping bag and sleeping pad
Do not try to dry large amount of clothes in your sleeping bag over night as it can cause too much moisture

51. More Considerations
Keep nose and mouth out of sleeping bag since your breath creates large amount of moisture resulting in dampness
Use balaclava or a scarf to keep your face warm
Avoid overheating at night
Wear loose fitting clothing to bed that circulation is not restricted
Keep a snack for the middle of the night to replenish lost calories and stay hydrated