1. The Immune System

2. Basic Vocab.
Disease
___________- any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body.
__________- Disease-causing agents; such as; viruses, bacteria, protists, worms, fungi
______________-diseases caused by pathogens
_________– triggers immune response (bad guys)
_______– protein; destroys pathogens (good guys)
Pathogen
Infectious Diseases
Antigen
Antibody

3. How Diseases are Spread
Physical Contact
_______________– transmitted when a healthy person touches a person with a disease.
_______________- transmitted through bodily fluids
_____________- through the air or by touching objects that have been infected and than touching your nose or mouth.
Sexual Contact
Indirect contact

4. How Diseases are Spread
Some behaviors can help to control transmission of diseases. Such as covering your mouth with a tissue when you cough, & wash your hands

5. How Diseases are Spread
Contaminated Food and Water
__________________________– caused by eating food containing pathogens or drinking un-sanitized water.
________________- Vectors carry diseases like Lyme disease, West Nile virus, & rabies
Infected Animals

6. Immune System
The Immune system is the body’s primary defense against pathogens.
4 Nonspecific Defenses:
Not directed against any one pathogen, guards against all infections.
Skin
Mouth & Respiratory Passages
Inflammation
Fever

7. Skin Most important nonspecific defense
Few pathogens can penetrate that tough layer of __________ protein (dead skin) at the skins outer surface
keratin

8. 2. Mouth & Respiratory Passages
Millions of microorganisms enter each day
Passages leading to lungs are coated with________
Mucus traps airborne pathogens
Swept into the ___________ to be destroyed
mucus
digestive system

9. 3. Inflammation
Occurs when _________ do enter the body (usually through skin)
Blood vessels near wound expand
WBC leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissues
____________(wbc) engulf and destroy them
Infected tissue may become swollen and painful
pathogens
Phagocytes

11. White blood cell chasing bacteria
When a wound breaks human skin, it creates a gateway for harmful pathogens to invade human cells.
Neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell, live in human blood vessels.
When pathogens invade a human cell, neutrophils travel to the infection site to destroy the invading pathogen. The first step in this process is engulfing the pathogen.
Once the neutrophil has completely surrounded the pathogen, it produces an oxidant, hypochlorous acid. Hypochlorous acid is a biocide, meaning it kills organic material. Once produced by the neutrophil, it kills the bacteria almost instantly.

12. 4. Fever ____________ has spread
Pathogen
____________ has spread
Immune System releases chemicals that increase the _______________
Pathogens can only survive within a narrow temperature range
body’s temp

13. Specific Defenses Attacks the particular disease causing agents
2 types
Antibody & T cells

14. Antibody Immunity Antigens stimulate production of ______________.
Antibody has two binding sites which are specific in a particular antigen
antibodies

15. An antibody matches an antigen much as a key matches a lock
An antibody matches an antigen much as a key matches a lock. Whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the ___________ marks the antigen for _____________
antibody
destruction

17. Lymphocytes White blood cells One group called B cells
Another group called T cells

18. B cells Mature in ______________ Produce antibodies
bone marrow
Mature in ______________
Produce antibodies
as B cells develop, antibody genes in each rearrange themselves in different ways.
When complete, immune system contains millions of B cells each capable of producing a slightly different antibody.
__________shot of weakened or killed pathogens to stimulate production of antibodies.
Vaccine-

20. T-Cells
Three types:
____________- track down and ________ pathogens & foreign tissue
___________- ________ pathogen & send message to Killer T
_____________– turns ____ the immune response
Killer T
destroy
Helper T
identify
Suppressor T
off

21. HIV/AIDS
__________- infects, weakens, and gradually destroys the helper T cells.
____________- cells are responsible for the rejection of tissue transplants
Killer T

22. Immune Disorders
Allergies- overreaction of the immune system to an antigen in the environment
Autoimmune Diseases- immune system makes mistakes and attacks its own cells
Multiple sclerosis- attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers
Rheumatoid Arthritis- antibodies attack connective tissues around the joints
Type 1 Diabetes- antibodies attack the insulin producing cells of the pancreas