1. AS AMERICA

4. CONTEXT: POLITICAL FEDERALISM
One country, made up of independent states

6. The American Constitution
What is the American Constitution?
Supreme Law of the United States (sets out the national laws)
Sets out how the national government will work
When was it written?
It was written in 1787, this is after America broke away from England and became it’s own country
Who wrote it?
Written by the Founding Fathers (a group of American men who met up and decided how the newly independent America would work)

8. The American Constitution
Key things the constitution says:
Slaves are 3/5 of a person
President’s have the ability to grant pardons
President can veto Congress, and Congress can veto that veto…
Congress have the power to impeach a President
A supermajority (a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of one half)
Fugitive Slave Clause
Key things the constitution does not say:
Much about slavery!! (specifically the long term status of slavery in America)
Whether states can secede, and what to do if this happens
Enough on the division of power between the federal government and states government

9. The Federal Government:
How each branch, stops the other branches getting too powerful (this is called checks and balances)

11. Views on Slavery: The North
Abolitionists
Extreme
Minority
Immediate and gradual
Majority
Dislike slavery
Don’t think anything can be done
Nothing to do with them (states rights)
Pro Slavery
Connected through business (shipping and cloth trade)
Fear emancipation
Economic
Racial

12. Views on Slavery: The South
Plantation/slave owners
Their power is based on slavery
Poor white
Have the most to fear from emancipation
Areas with little slavery
Resent the power that slave holders had gained through slavery

14. Northern Economy
Market Revolution – term for the industrial revolution that happened in America
More industrial – North had 2x the railway track of the North; in % of the labour force worked in agriculture (compared to 81% in the South)
More urbanised – 10% of the population lived in towns in 1820, this increased to 26% in 1850.
More immigration – million migrants settled in the Northern states. In /6 northerners were immigrants.

15. Southern Economy
More agricultural – 81% of the labour force worked in agriculture in 1860.
Less urbanised – in 1850 only 10% of Southerners lived in towns
Southern honour – Wyatt Brown claims that southerners are more concerned about their personal, family and sectional honour (sensitive to personal insult)

16. Impact of the Cotton Gin
More cotton can be made
(  2 million bales per year)
The increase in farmers needing more slave (slave trade with Africa re-opens until 1808)
Increase in demand from cotton, esp. from Britain
This increase in demand made cotton more profitable = more of the South grows cotton (Cotton Belt)

17. ‘The Market Revolution heightened sectional differences between the North and the South’
AGREE
DISAGREE
Culture Language, religion, history, law
Agriculture in the North (North West is especially rural)
Wealth in the North – questionable
Industry in the South Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond Virginia = 4th
South aren’t necessarily behind because they are rural Cotton sales = half of total exports
North was more industrial % in agriculture in 1800 = 68% vs 82% % in agriculture in 1860 = 40% vs 81%
Urbanisation in the North Percentage in 1820: 10% vs. 5% Percentage in 1850: 26% vs. 10%
Immigration million immigrants settle in the North 1 in 6 northerners was foreign born vs. 1 in 30
Values South had no wish to Industrialise ‘Yankee Materialism’

19. In 1819, Missouri (yellow area of land within the Louisiana Purchase territory) wanted to become a slave state.
This was a problem, because there was 11 slave states and 11 free states at the time. Therefore if Missouri joined, slave states would have a bigger representation in the Senate (remember 2 senators per state!!).
Therefore in order for Missouri to become a state, there had to be conditions. Different people had different ideas on what the conditions should be…

20. Ideas that do not get passed
James Tallmadge (Republican from New York):
Added the Tallmadge Amendment to Missouri’s proposed state constitution which:
Prohibited the extension of slavery (i.e. can’t bring in slaves from outside the state)
Children of slave parents have to be freed at 25
This amendment is passed through the House of Representatives, but fails in the Senate
Jesse Thomas (Illinois):
Maine should be admitted to America as a free state
A line should be drawn across the Louisiana Purchase area (36°30′ ). Slavery should be excluded from the area above this line, and allowed in the area above (except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri)
Missouri new constitution 1820
Protected slavery in Missouri
Banned all free black people from entering Missouri

21. The Missouri Compromise 1820
This is the final idea, designed by Henry Clay, and was passed through Congress and made federal law. It said:
Missouri should be admitted as a slave state
Maine should be admitted as a free state
A line should be drawn across the Louisiana Purchase area (36°30′ ). Slavery should be excluded from the area above this line, and allowed in the area above (except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri)

22. How did the North react? How did the South react?
Balance of power between slave and free states in the Senate
Missouri was admitted
WHY
Slavery had extended (Missouri and land below the 36°30′ line)
WHY
Federal government had made a national law on slavery (remember, the South generally support states rights)
WHY
NORTH:
Angry that slavery has been allowed to expand
SOUTH:
Angry that the Federal Government had made a law on slavery
U.S. government had no power to restrict slavery, which was protected under the Constitution

23. Consequences of the 1820 Compromise
Direct (immediate)
Indirect (broader)
No eruption of Civil War
Balance of political power in the Senate between slave and free states
Status of slavery of the Louisiana Purchase land was decided
A compromise that does not satisfy the North OR the South
It left open the question of slavery in areas outside of the Louisiana Purchase
It left a legacy that assumed there had to be a balance of slave and free states
Highlighted how fatal issue of slavery was, specifically in relation to westward expansion

25. Tariff of 1828… What on earth is a tariff???
A tariff is a tax on imported products (products from another country)
This means, that is a country wants to sell it’s products in a DIFFERENT country, it must give the government of that different country money in tax.
E.g. I am a British toothbrush maker. I want to sell my toothbrushes in America for $100 per toothbrush. America have introduced a 20% tariff. Therefore, if I want to sell my produce in America, I have to give the American government $20 per toothbrush.
The impact of this, is that companies who want to sell their product in a different country, increase the price of their good to cover the cost of the tax. This in turn, makes the products in the original country cheaper than imported goods.
E.g. Now America have introduced a 20% tariff, I am going to increase the price of my toothbrush to $120, in order to make back the money I have given to the American government. As a result my British toothbrush, is more expensive than American ones, which are $110.
GO OVER WHAT A TARRIF IS!

26. Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
Manufacturers in the North wanted to make sure their goods were protected from foreign competitors who dumps lost cost imports on American Markets.
The President was pressured by these manufacturers to create the Tariff of 1828, which was signed by John Quincy Adams.
The Tariff on 1828 put a tax on imported goods to America
GO OVER WHAT A TARRIF IS!

27. How did the North react? How did the South react?
Our products in the North of America are now protected from British products.
Now that Britain are giving more of their money to the government in tariffs, they have less money to buy cotton.
Also, we buy some of our products from Britain. They have now increased in price, which is bad for us!!
WHY
NORTH:
Angry that slavery has been allowed to expand
SOUTH:
Angry that the Federal Government had made a law on slavery
U.S. government had no power to restrict slavery, which was protected under the Constitution

28. Why did South Carolina in particular get so angry?
South Carolina was the state with the largest proportion of slaves in its population (55% in 1830)
The state Congress in South Carolina, was mainly made up of plantation owners (i.e. owners of slave who worked in agriculture)
The reason why South Carolina had so many plantation owners in their state Congress, is that their state constitution said that to get into the Senate, the individual must have a lot of land. Plantation owners have a lot of land…
1820 economic downturn meant that the impact of British goods becoming more expensive affected South Carolina badly.
Go over by acting it all out from the students – go along with the notes

29. The Nullification Crisis
In 1828 Congress passed the Tariff of 1828 (the one we have just looked at on slide 46)
Vice President, John Calhoun anomalously published South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which argued the American Constitution delegated some rights to the Federal government, but beyond that the states had sovereignty.
Andrew Jackson became President of the United States (1828 election) – and defended the tariff policy of 1828
Calhoun resigned as Vice President, and was quickly elected Senator of South Carolina
Jackson signed into law a SECOND TARIFF (Tariff of 1832), which lowered the tariff rates
South Carolina held a special convention that adopted the ‘Ordinance of Nullification’. This stated the SECOND TARIFF (Tariffs of 1832) was unconstitutional and therefore unlawful (i.e. they are not going to follow the law!). They said they were prepared to leave America if the tariff was forced on them.
Congress approved Jackson’s Force Bill, which allowed Jackson to use the army to enforce the tariff in South Carolina
Henry Clay, leader in the House of Representatives, worked with Calhoun to create a THIRD TARIFF (Comprised Tariff)
South Carolina accepted the Compromised bill, but nullified the Force Bill

30. Consequences of the Nullification Crisis
Direct (immediate)
Indirect (broader)
Nullification was NOT purely a sectional issue… South Carolina stood alone
South Carolina was prepared to secede from the Union
Jackson, an advocate of states rights, arguable went further than any other individual to preserve what he saw as the national government’s legitimate powers = ironic?
Stability in America would rely on federal government actions not trampling on state rights
Nullification would not work in the future
However, a theory on the Constitution could now be used by the South (this theory is that unless the American Constitution says the Federal Government has the power over an issue, it is a states right)

31. Link to the exam
ESSAYS

32. Write down the one you would find most difficult to answer
To what extent was sectional tension c1845 due to the issues regarding States rights?
‘Unresolved issues in the American Constitution were significant in creating sectional tension in America by c1845.’ Assess the validity of this view.
‘Economic differences were the major cause of division between the North and South by ’ Assess the validity of this view
‘The North and South had more in common than not’ Assess the validity of this view
‘By 1845, the Missouri Compromise was ineffective in maintaining peace. 'Assess the validity of this view
‘The Nullification Crisis demonstrated that the North and South wanted different futures’ Assess the validity of this view
‘The American Republic was undivided and politically stable in 1845.’ Assess the validity of this view.

33. Definition(s) Criteria Judgement
Introduction
Definition(s) Criteria Judgement

34. Highlight the words that need defining in your question
To what extent was sectional tension c1845 due to the issues regarding States rights?
‘Unresolved issues in the American Constitution were significant in creating sectional tension in America by c1845.’ Assess the validity of this view.
‘Economic differences were the major cause of division between the North and South by ’ Assess the validity of this view
‘The North and South had more in common than not’ Assess the validity of this view
‘By 1845, the Missouri Compromise was ineffective in maintaining peace. 'Assess the validity of this view
‘The Nullification Crisis demonstrated that the North and South wanted different futures’ Assess the validity of this view
‘The American Republic was undivided and politically stable in 1845.’ Assess the validity of this view.

35. Introductions - criteria
Q. What is a criteria? A standard by which something may be judged or decided Q. Why do we need a criteria in a history essay introduction? Your question will give you an interpretation of a historical debate. Your criteria sets out your benchmark which you will use to decide whether the interpretation is valid.

36. Introductions - criteria
What would need to happen for Jeremy Corby to win the election on June 8th?

37. What criteria do you need to set (what is your question suggesting)
To what extent was sectional tension c1845 due to the issues regarding States rights?
‘Unresolved issues in the American Constitution were significant in creating sectional tension in America by c1845.’ Assess the validity of this view.
‘Economic differences were the major cause of division between the North and South by ’ Assess the validity of this view
‘The North and South had more in common than not’ Assess the validity of this view
‘By 1845, the Missouri Compromise was ineffective in maintaining peace. 'Assess the validity of this view
‘The Nullification Crisis demonstrated that the North and South wanted different futures’ Assess the validity of this view
‘The American Republic was undivided and politically stable in 1845.’ Assess the validity of this view.

38. Introductions - judgement
‘Cats are great’ Assess the validity of this view
Basic argument
Sophisticated argument
VALID
Cats are great
The greatness of cats depends on your perspective. Cat lovers would agree.
Cats are great in some respects (toilet use) but awful in other (scratch)
Cats are a bit great and a bit not great
Cats are socially great but economically less great
Sophisticated answers show the complexity/issues that arise from the question.
The greatness of cats depends on your perspective. People who go out a lot would disagree.
INVALID
Cats are not great

39. Introductions - judgement
‘Barack Obama was a successful President’ Assess the validity of this view
Basic argument
Sophisticated argument
VALID
Basic: Obama was/was not a successful President
Sophisticated: Depends who you are; depends upon how you look at the role of the President
INVALID

40. Introductions - judgement
Do the same for your essay question
Basic argument
Sophisticated argument
VALID
Basic: Obama was/was not a successful President
Sophisticated: Depends who you are; depends upon how you look at the role of the President
INVALID