1. A Very, Very Brief History of South Africa
…for Cry, the Beloved Country

2. Before Imperialism
Before our records exists, 100,000 years of archaeological history of residents in SA.
South African Khoisan (before the Dutch)
San (Bushmen, hunter-gatherers)
Khoekhoe (Hottentots, farmers)
Both resided in SA for thousands of years before the first European seafarers.
Dutch interaction: disease,
assimilation, extermination
1595 engraving of Khoikhoi near Western Cape

3. Colonialism – The Dutch
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa.
They were commisioned by the Dutch-East India Trading company—Jan van Riebeeck lands on April 6,
The Dutch (82 men, 8 women) settled a trade station near the Cape of Good Hope
Provide passing ships with fresh food and services for trips to Asia
Develops rapidly, became Cape Town, a city still called the “Mother City” to this day.

4. Colonialism – The Dutch
More settlers
Slaves imported
More Dutch settlers
1688—French protestants join (Huguenots)
By the 2nd half of 18th century, these Europeans began to call themselves Afrikaners.
The British and the Afrikaners (also known as the Boers- farmer) fought each other for control of South Africa.
Expansion continues outward.

5. 1808 Dutch Map

6. Three generations of Boer fighters
Diamonds, Gold, and War
Just a colony? Not for long.
Between , diamonds are discovered
Gold is discovered in 1886.
Anglo-Boer War (1899)
Between Brits and Dutch
English win, defeat Boers
officially in 1902.
“Union of South Africa” is
formed
Three generations of Boer fighters
in the Anglo-Boer War

7. Breakdown of Population

8. Africa 1895

9. Location of S.A. Cities Cape Town (Founding City) Pretoria (Capital)
Johannesburg
(Setting of Cry, the Beloved Country)

10. The Coming of Apartheid
Definitions and Laws

11. What is Apartheid? Apartheid begins in 1948 and ends in 1994.
From the Dutch word meaning “separateness,” Apartheid was a system of purposeful segregation.
Land
Wealth
Fear

12. Apartheid Laws Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, Act No 55 of 1949
Prohibited marriages between white people and people of other races. Between 1946 and the enactment of this law, only 75 mixed marriages had been recorded, compared with some 28,000 white marriages.
Population Registration Act, Act No 30 of 1950
Led to the creation of a national register in which every person's race was recorded. A Race Classification Board took the final decision on what a person's race was in disputed cases.

13. Apartheid Laws Group Areas Act, Act No 41 of 1950
Forced physical separation between races by creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in "wrong" areas, for example “Coloreds” living in District Six in Cape Town.
Separate Representation of Voters Act, Act No 46 of 1951
Together with the 1956 amendment, this act led to the removal of Coloreds from the common voters' roll.

14. Apartheid Laws
Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, Act No 67 of 1952
Commonly known as the Pass Laws, this ironically named act forced black people to carry identification with them at all times. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. It was a criminal offence to be unable to produce a pass when required to do so by the police. No black person could leave a rural area for an urban one without a permit from the local authorities. On arrival in an urban area a permit to seek work had to be obtained within 72 hours.

15. Apartheid Laws Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act of 1953
Prohibited strike action by blacks.
Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, Act No 49 of 1953
Forced segregation in all public amenities, public buildings, and public transport with the aim of eliminating contact between whites and other races. "Europeans Only" and "Non-Europeans Only" signs were put up. The act stated that facilities provided for different races need not be equal.

16. Apartheid Laws Natives Resettlement Act, Act No 19 of 1954
Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act, Act No 64 of 1956
Denied black people the option of appealing to the courts against forced removals.
Extension of University Education Act, Act 45 of 1959
Put an end to black students attending white universities
Terrorism Act of 1967
Allowed for indefinite detention without trial and established BOSS, the Bureau of State Security, which was responsible for the internal security of South Africa.