1. DTT Booster Edexcel CORE Science C1
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DTT Booster
Edexcel CORE Science C1
THERAPY Topic 3 – Evolution of the Atmosphere and rocks   
Commissioned by The PiXL Club Ltd. February 2016
© Copyright The PiXL Club Ltd, 2016
This resource is strictly for the use of member schools for as long as they remain members of The PiXL Club. It may not be copied, sold nor transferred to a third party or used by the school after membership ceases. Until such time it may be freely used within the member school.
All opinions and contributions are those of the authors. The contents of this resource are not connected with nor endorsed by any other company, organisation or institution.
The PiXL Club Ltd, Company number

2. How to deliver the DTT Booster
Administer the short diagnosis test.
Mark the test (peer assess)
Work through the therapy slides completing the model questions and answers.
Complete the question slides for students to self assess.
Administer the final test (peer assess)

3. CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
Evolution of the Atmosphere and rocks
Model Question: Explain why the levels of Carbon Dioxide are increasing due to fossil fuel being burned.
Model Answer:
The carbon was locked into the fossil fuels millions of years ago.
Because humans have burned a lot of fossil fuel in just a few hundred years much more carbon dioxide has been released.
The Earth’s Atmosphere Today: For 200 million years, the proportions of gases in the atmosphere similar to today:
Carbon Dioxide Levels:
Have increased in the atmosphere recently largely due to the amount of fossil fuels we now burn.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
Gas
Formula %
Nitrogen N2 78
Oxygen O2 21
Carbon dioxide
CO2
0.04
Evolution of the Earth’s Atmosphere
Phase 1 (1st billion yrs)
Phase 2
Phase 3
Volcanoes = Steam & CO2
Green Plants, Bacteria & Algae = Oxygen
Ozone Layer = Animals & Us
Volcanoes kept erupting giving out Steam and CO2
The early atmosphere was nearly all CO2
The earth cooled and water vapour condensed to form the oceans
Green plants, bacteria and algae photosynthesised in the oceans.
Green plants steadily converted CO2 into O2 by the process of photosynthesis
Nitrogen released by denitrifying bacteria
Plants colonise the land.
Oxygen levels steadily increase
The build up of O2 killed off early organisms - allowing evolution of complex organisms
The O2 created the Ozone layer (O3) which blocks harmful UV rays from the sun
Virtually no CO2 left

4. Conduction and convection
Evolution of the Atmosphere and rocks
Igneous Rocks: Example – granite & basalt. Formed by the solidification of molten rock magma (inside the Earth) or lava (on the Earth’s surface).They contain crystals whose size depends on the rate of cooling.
Metamorphic Rocks: Example – marble
Formed when heat and pressure is applied to other rocks. Marble is formed from chalk or limestone being heated and pressurised in the mantle.
Extrusive rock are rocks that cool quickly above ground. Intrusive rocks cool slowly underground.
Quick cooling = small crystals Fast cooling = large crystals
Model Question: Granite has large crystals and basalt has small crystals. Which one in intrusive and which one is extrusive? How do you know?
Model Answer
Granite – is extrusive as it has large crystals so must cool faster above ground.
Basalt - is intrusive as it has small crystals so it must cool underground more slowly.
Limestone, chalk and marble are all forms of calcium carbonate and exist in the Earth’s crust.
Sedimentary rocks: Examples - chalk and limestone. Sedimentary rocks contain fossils. They are formed from compaction of layers of rock over a very long time. They are not as strong as other rocks so erode easily.
CLICK to reveal MODEL ANSWER
P1.1.3a/P1.1.1

5. How are igneous rocks formed from?
Evolution of the Atmosphere and rocks- Questions
How are igneous rocks formed from?
What affects the size of crystals in in igneous rock?
Which type of rock may contain fossils?
What two factors are required to form metamorphic rock?
Where did the gases that formed the Earths early atmosphere come from?
Name 4 other gases present in the Earth’s early atmosphere.
How do scientists believe the oceans were formed?
Describe two ways that the carbon dioxide levels in the early atmosphere were reduced.
How did photosynthesis affect the composition of the atmosphere?

6. Evolution of the Atmosphere and rocks- Answers
1. How are igneous rocks formed from? Cooled molten rock (lava or magma) 2. What affects the size of crystals in in igneous rock? The rate at which it cools. 3. Which type of rock may contain fossils? Sedimentary rocks. 4. What two factors are required to form metamorphic rock? Heat and pressure. 5. Where did the gases that formed the Earths early atmosphere come from? Volcanic activity 6. Name the main gas in the Early atmosphere. Carbon dioxide

7. Evolution of the Atmosphere and Rocks - Answers
7. Name 4 other gases present in the Earth’s early atmosphere. Nitrogen, ammonia, methane, water vapour
8. How do scientists believe the oceans were formed? When the Earth cooled and the water vapour in the atmosphere condensed.
9. Describe two ways that the carbon dioxide levels in the early atmosphere were reduced. Carbon dioxide dissolved into the oceans and used by plants in photosynthesis
10. How did photosynthesis affect the composition of the atmosphere? It reduced the carbon dioxide and increased the oxygen.

8. Final test DTT Booster
Students now complete the final test (peer assess).
Compare this to what they achieved in the diagnostic test.