1. Bell-Ringer: On a blank piece of paper or a empty part of your packet answer the following:
Who started Islam?
What are the two cities that are really important in Islam?
Which city do you have to visit if you’re Muslim and why?
Draw 5 boxes and fill them with the 5 pillars of Islam.

2. The Spread of Islam

3. Muhammad died
in 632 and named
no successor.
His closest followers
developed an election
system for choosing
the next leader of
Islam.
This leader would not be
a “prophet” as was
Muhammad, but a “Caliph” which means “Deputy” or
“Successor” in Arabic.

4. The Right-Guided Caliphs
1st Caliph: Abu Bakr
elected
Many Bedouins renounced Islam after Muhammad’s death
They were conquered as
Abu-Baker expanded
Islam across Arabia.
ABU BAKR, UMAR, UTHMAN, and ALI
Expansion confined to the Arabian Peninsula

5. Umar 634-644 CE 2nd Caliph: Umar Umar was chosen to succeed
Took advantage of weakened empires conquering Persia and Syria (part of Byzantine Empire) which were weak from fighting each other.
Also conquered Egypt, Palestine and Iraq

6. Why did Muslims Conquer?
Leaders sought wealth & tribute
Warriors were guaranteed a place in Paradise if they died in battle
Muslims were unified by faith
Caliphs took advantage of weakened empires (Persia, Byzantine)

7. Conquered Peoples:
Voluntarily converted and served in the Army (Males) or
Did not convert, paid taxes and were exempt from military service
Qu’ran forbids forced conversion to Islam

8. Non-Arabs were not treated equally to Arabs, but Christians and Jews (“People of the Book”) were not forced to convert. They could not build new churches or temples. They could not
Evangelize within the empire.
Others of polytheistic faiths were forced to convert.
Many welcomed Islam and converted because of its belief that all were equal in the eyes of Allah.

9. Uthman 644-656 Internal Conflict Caliph #3: Uthman No real expansion
During his Caliphate, a single text of the Qu’ran was written.
Promoted Umayyad relatives within Islamic government which angered many.
Spent exorbitantly which caused decline in treasury.
These factors led to political instability – he was assassinated in 656 CE - Civil War broke out

10. Islam Divides Muslims fought Muslims over Uthman’s Successor
Ali – was Muhammad’s son-in-law declared that he was the new Caliph
Mu’awiya – was Uthman’s cousin and backed by the Umayyads
Ali succeeds with major political unrest. He is killed in Mu’awiya then becomes Caliph.
Shi’as: Believe that
Muhammad’s relatives
should lead Islam
Sunnis – Believe
Muhammad’s
followers vote and
choose the next
Caliph

11. The Umayyads – part one
Mu’awiya came from the Umayyad clan, established the Umayyad dynasty.
Changed succession from an election to hereditary succession which ended any chance of Ali’s relatives being elected to Caliph.
The Umayyad Great Mosque, Damascus
Moved capital to Damascus

12. Tensions between
the Shia (Shi’ites) and the Umayyads turns into war
Sunnis fought the Shi’ites
in the Battle of Karbala
The Shi’ites lost their
Leader, Husain, Muhammad’s
Grandson. He became a martyr.

13. Every Year, Shiites commemorate Hussain’s death with
a reenactment of the Battle of Karbala – a solemn holy day
called Ashura

14. The Umayyads – Part two Moorish Architecture in Coѓdoba,
Significant expansion occurred in North Africa, Spain and Central Asia, and Indus Valley
The Muslims were stopped at the Battle of Tours (France) in 732 by the troops
of Frankish King Charles Martel
Moorish Architecture in Coѓdoba,
the capital of Spain in 717

15. The Umayyads – Part 3 Reasons for the fall
Empire was too large to manage
Non-Arabs rebelled against class differences
Luxurious lifestyle of the aristocracy and secular attitudes toward Islamic doctrine and morality left devout Muslims discontented.
The Abbasid clan overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty in 750.

16. Slavery became wide-spread – not based on race.
The Abbasid Caliphate
Opened government and military posts to non-Arabs, but an Arab elite still existed.
Slavery became wide-spread – not based on race.
Intermarriage in
Muslim territories and a blending of cultures.
Courtyard of the Abbasid Palace in Baghdad

17. Abbasid Era was the Golden Age For the Empire of Islam
Economic Prosperity
Baghdad major trade center in emerging global trade
New technologies and advancements included the Astrolabe, paper from China, use of Arabic numbers, medical advancements, Algebra

18. Abbasid Decline began around 900 CE, caused by:
Succession problems
Corruption which undermined political authority
Local governments gained power while Abbasid gov’t became decentralized.

19. Fragmentation of Abbasid Caliphate

20. The Abbasids’ control weakened and by the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks controlled Baghdad. The Mongols invaded and destroyed Baghdad in 1258.

21. Sources:
Pictures 7.