1. Introductory Nutrition
Unit Five

2. - a covalently bonded, polar molecule
Water
- a covalently bonded, polar molecule
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Molecules are said to be polar if they have slight opposite charges on either end

3. The slight attraction between the negative end of one molecule and the positive end of another results in a…
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4. Water - Polarity leads to adhesion and cohesion
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- Polarity leads to adhesion and cohesion
Adhesion and cohesion lead to capillary action and surface tension
- High specific heat leads to temperature stability
- High heat of vaporization leads to evaporative cooling

5. Water
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- Spheres of hydration form electrostatic interactions, keeping ions from interacting with each other
- This characteristic means water has a high degree of solvency and chemical reactivity

6. Water
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- Water also ionizes into H+ and OH- which can be incorporated into other molecules or released from them

7. Water

8. Osmosis Solute - substance that is dissolved in a medium (solvent)
Solvent - substance (usually liquid) that
dissolves a solute
Solution - mixture of solutes dissolved in
a solvent
Concentration - ratio of solute to solvent

9. Osmosis Diffusion - the movement of a substance from an area of high
concentration to an area of
low concentration
Osmosis - the diffusion of water
- the movement of water to an
area of high solute
concentration

10. Osmosis Isotonic solution *concentration of solutes outside the cell
is equal to the concentration inside the
cell
Hypertonic solution
*concentration of solutes outside the cell
is greater than the concentration inside
the cell

11. Osmosis Hypotonic solution *concentration of solutes outside the cell
is less than the concentration inside
the cell
The selectively permeable character of the cell membrane functions to maintain isotonic conditions in the body

12. Animal Cell Osmosis Lysed Crenated Aaaaaaaaaaaaa Aaaaaaaaaaaaa

13. Electrolyte Functions
The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:
+ chemically reactive and
participate in metabolism
+ determine charge difference
across cell membranes

14. Electrolyte Functions
The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:
+ powerfully affect the
osmolarity of body fluids and
the body’s water content and
distribution
+ form essential minerals
+ regulate acid/base balance

15. Electrolyte Concentrations
Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids of the body found outside the cells
Intracellular fluids (ICF) are fluids of the body found inside the cells (cytoplasm)

16. Electrolyte Concentrations
HPO43- (Lo)
Na+ (145mEq/L)
Ca2+ (Hi)
Mg2+ (Lo)
K+ (4mEq/L)
K+ (150mEq/L)
Mg2+ (Hi)
Ca2+ (Lo)
Na+ (12mEq/L)
HPO43- (Hi)

17. Electrolyte Concentrations
Cl- (103mEq/L)
OH-
HCO3-(Hi) H+
HCO3- (Lo)
Cl- (4mEq/L) H+
OH-

18. ICF vs. ECF ICF ECF 65% of body fluids Major electrolytesK+
Mg2+
HPO43-
35% of body fluids
Major electrolytes
Na+
Ca2+
Cl-

19. ICF vs. ECF 26L 40L total body fluid 10L 3.2L 0.8L Interstitial Fluids
Blood Plasma
Lymph
How much fluid is found in the ICF and the ECF? Which one do you think has the most fluid? *ICF is the largest fluid compartment in the body. For the average person it will hold about 25 liters of fluid. *About 12 liters of the ECF are in the interstitial fluid. *The remaining ECF makes up the blood. It contains about 3 Liters. *The total amount of fluid in the body will be about 40 liters.
0.8L
Other
40L total body fluid

20. Movement of Water
Fluids are constantly exchanged between these compartments
Osmosis occurs across capillary walls and plasma membranes

21. Movement of Water
The movement of the water from one compartment to the other is determined by solute concentrations

22. Movement of Water

23. Fluid Balance
Balance of body fluids means that fluid intake should equal fluid output
In addition, the fluid gained or lost must be added to or taken from the right compartment (ICF or ECF)

24. Fluid Balance

25. Fluid Balance
As has been seen, electrolyte concentrations in the different compartments must also be stringently maintained
Electrolytes attract water through osmosis, therefore a loss of fluids results in the loss of electrolytes

26. Fluid Balance
The three structures that play the major role in fluid and electrolyte balance are:
* brain (hypothalamus)
* kidneys
* adrenal glands

27. Regulation of Fluid Intake
Decreased volume of ECF or
Increased osmolarity of ECF
Hypothalamus
Decrease saliva
Creates thirst
Increased volume of ECF
which
decreases osmolarity of ECF
Drink fluids

28. Hypothalamic and Kidney Regulation of Fluids and Electrolytes

29. Adrenal Gland Regulation of Fluids and Electrolytes

30. Minerals Minerals can be classified into two groups:
~major minerals (macrominerals)
>100mg/day
~ trace minerals (microminerals)
<20mg/day

31. Minerals Sodium (major mineral) * chemical symbol - Na
* functions - primary cation of ECF
- maintains fluid balance
- necessary for nerve
impulses and muscle
contractions

32. Minerals Sodium (major mineral) * found naturally in most foods & as
an additive for taste and
preservation

33. Minerals Sodium (major mineral) * deficiencies lead to muscle cramps,
fatigue, nausea, vomiting, dizziness
& confusion
* toxicity leads to hypertension and
edema (water retention)

34. Minerals Potassium (major mineral) * chemical symbol - K
* functions - primary cation of ICF
- maintains fluid balance
- necessary for nerve
impulses and muscle
contractions

35. Minerals Potassium (major mineral) * found in most fresh foods,
especially fruits, vegetables and
meat

36. Minerals Potassium (major mineral) * deficiencies lead to muscle
weakness & irregular heart beat
* toxicity leads to muscle

37. Minerals Chloride (major mineral) * chemical symbol - Cl
* functions - major anion of the ECF
- assists in maintaining fluid
balance
- necessary for digestion
- needed for nerve activity

38. Minerals Chloride (major mineral) * major food source is salt
* deficiencies are rare but lead to
vomiting and dehydration
* toxicity leads to hypertension and
edema (water retention)

39. Minerals Phosphorus (major mineral) * chemical symbol - P
* functions - major anion of the ICF
- assists in maintaining fluid
balance
- necessary for DNA, RNA
& ATP production
- needed to activate some
enzymes

40. Minerals Phosphorus (major mineral)
* food sources are high protein foods
* deficiencies are rare but lead to
dizziness and muscle weakness
* toxicity leads to muscle spasms and
convulsions

41. Minerals Selenium (trace mineral) * chemical symbol - Se
* functions - antioxidant system
- immune function
- necessary for thyroid
hormone production

42. Minerals Selenium (trace mineral)
* food sources are organ meats, pork,
wheat & rice
* deficiencies lead to heart disease,
arthritis, muscle wasting & impaired
immune function
* toxicity leads to nausea, vomiting,
liver disease & impaired immunity

43. Minerals Copper (trace mineral) * chemical symbol - Cu
* functions - cofactor (enzyme
activity)
- immune function

44. Minerals Copper (trace mineral) * food sources are liver, legumes,
grains & cereals
* deficiencies lead to anemia and
poor immune response
* toxicity leads to vomiting, impaired
nerve function & impaired immunity

45. Minerals Iron (trace mineral) * chemical symbol - Fe
* functions - cofactor (enzyme
activity)
- immune function
- hemoglobin formation

46. Minerals Iron (trace mineral) * food sources are liver, red meat,
legumes, leafy greens & seafood
* deficiencies lead to anemia and
poor immune response
* toxicity leads to liver damage &
impaired immunity

47. Minerals Zinc (trace mineral) * chemical symbol - Zn
* functions - cofactor (enzyme
activity)
- DNA & protein
metabolism
- immune function

48. Minerals Zinc (trace mineral) * food sources protein rich foods
* deficiencies lead to hair loss,
diarrhea & poor immune response
* toxicity leads to diarrhea &
impaired immunity

49. Minerals Manganese (trace mineral) * chemical symbol - Mn
* functions - cofactor (enzyme
activity)
- immune function

50. Minerals Manganese (trace mineral)
* food sources are legumes, grains &
cereals
* deficiencies lead to poor immune
response
* toxicity leads to impaired immunity

51. Chapter Nine Objective Seven
Read the last section in the text (pgs ) and able to define, identify and discuss