1. Announcements Christmas break will be the last two weeks of December
There is an attendance sheet on the table; if you would like a certificate of attendance, please sign weekly.
No English classes November 24
We will resume Thursday December 1
Christmas break will be the last two weeks of December
No classes Thursday December 22 and December 29
Resume classes on Thursday January 5
Special Event on December 15 – International Dinner

2. Pronouns (Part 2)

3. Pronouns
A pronoun is used instead of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repeating the noun.
Over use or careless use can cause confusion and misunderstanding
English has five basic types:
Personal
Demonstrative
Possessive
Reflexive
Relative

4. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are used when referring back to the person speaking (1st), the person spoken to (2nd), or the person or thing spoken about (3rd).
Personal pronouns change depending on their use (subject vs object)
Personal pronouns also match the gender and number of the noun they replace
Number
Person
Personal Pronoun - used as a subject
Personal Pronoun - used as an object
Singular
1st
2nd
3rd I
you
he, she, it me
him, her, it
Plural we
they us
them

5. Demonstrative Pronouns

6. Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are:
this, that, these, and those

7. Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these, and those
Typically, a demonstrative pronoun replaces a demonstrative adjective and its noun/noun phrase as follows:
If the noun (phrase) is near in distance or time:
Use this (if the noun is singular), use these (if the noun is plural)
If the noun (phrase) is far away in distance or time:
Use that (if the noun is singular), use those (if the noun is plural)
Near
Far
Singular
this
that
Plural
these
those

8. Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun replaces a demonstrative adjective and its noun/noun phrase:
near in distance or time: this (singular), these (plural)
far in distance or time: that (singular), those (plural)
Examples (time):
(Recent) These are hard times. (last few years)
(In the past) Those were the good old days. (many years ago)
Examples (place):
(Nearby) This is Fred’s. (perhaps a book)
(Further away) That is Mary’s. (again perhaps a book)

9. Demonstrative Pronouns
What is the difference between a demonstrative pronoun and a demonstrative adjective?
A demonstrative adjective is always followed by a noun (phrase)
A demonstrative pronoun is not followed by a noun; it takes the place of the demonstrative adjective and its noun (phrase)

10. Demonstrative Pronouns
Examples:
Adjectives: These books are John’s. This book is Mary’s.
Pronouns: These are John’s This is Mary’s.
Adjectives: That TV has a much better picture,
Pronoun: That has a much better picture.
Adjectives: This house is much nicer.
Pronoun: This is much nicer.
Which has the clearer meaning?

11. Demonstrative Pronouns
The distinction between demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives does not affect the choice of which words we should use.

12. Possessive Pronouns

13. Possessive Pronouns
Typically, a possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and its noun/noun phrase
This book is mine (my book). That book is hers (her book).

14. Possessive Pronouns
Typically, a possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and its noun/noun phrase
The possessive pronoun we use depends on the “possessor”; that is, we match the “possessor” in:
number: singular (eg: hers) or plural (eg: theirs)
person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
gender: male (eg: his), female (eg: hers)

15. Possessive Pronouns
Typically, a possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and its noun/noun phrase
The possessive pronoun we use depends on the “possessor”; that is, we match the “possessor” in:
number: singular (eg: hers) or plural (eg: theirs)
person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
gender: male (his), female (hers)
The distinction between possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives does affect the choice of which word we use.

16. Possessive Pronouns vs Adjectives
Number
Person
Gender (owner)
Possessive Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Singular
1st
Male/Female
mine my
2nd
yours
your
3rd
Male
his
Female
hers
her
Neuter
its
Plural
ours
our
Male/Female/Neuter
theirs
their

17. Possessive Pronouns: Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one.
I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours.

18. Possessive Pronouns: Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (My picture)
I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (your key)
All the essays were good but his was the best.
John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers.

19. Possessive Pronouns: Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (My picture)
I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (your key)
All the essays were good but his was the best. (his essay)
John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers. (her passport)
Here is your car. Ours is over there.
Each couple's books are color-coded. Yours are red.
These aren't John and Mary's children. Theirs have red hair.

20. Possessive Pronouns: Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (My picture)
I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (your key)
All the essays were good but his was the best. (his essay)
John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers. (her passport)
Here is your car. Ours is over there. (Our car)
Each couple's books are color-coded. Yours are red. (your books)
These aren't John and Mary's children. Theirs have red hair. (Their children)

21. Genesis 12: 1 -3 (page 13) and Genesis 22: 15 - 18 (page 23)

22. Genesis 12: 1 -3 (page 13)
Then the Lord God told Abram, “Leave your country, your relatives, and your father’s house, and go to the land I will show you. I will cause you to become the father of a great nation. I will bless you and make you famous and I will make you a blessing to others. I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you. And all the families of the earth will be blessed through you.”

23. Genesis 12: 1 -3 (page 13)
Then the Lord God told Abram, “Leave your country, your relatives, and your father’s house, and go to the land I will show you.
I will cause you to become the father of a great nation.
I will bless you and make you famous and I will make you a blessing to others.
I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you.
And all the families of the earth will be blessed through you.”

24. Genesis 22: (page 23)
Then the angel of the Lord called again to Abraham from heaven, “This is what the Lord says: Because you have obeyed me and have not withheld even your beloved son, I swear by my own self that I will bless you richly. I will multiply your descendants into countless millions, like the stars of the sky and the sand on the seashore. They will conquer their enemies, and through your descendants, all the nations of the earth will be blessed – all because you have obeyed me.”

25. Genesis 22: (page 23)
Then the angel of the Lord called again to Abraham from heaven, “This is what the Lord says: Because you have obeyed me and have not withheld even your beloved son, I swear by my own self that I will bless you richly. I will multiply your descendants into countless millions, like the stars of the sky and the sand on the seashore. They will conquer their enemies, and through your descendants, all the nations of the earth will be blessed – all because you have obeyed me.”

27. Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are:
this, that, these, and those
Near
Far
Singular
this
that
Plural
these
those

28. Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these, and those
Typically, a demonstrative pronoun replaces a demonstrative adjective and its noun/noun phrase as follows:
If the noun (phrase) is near in distance or time:
Use this (if the noun is singular), use these (if the noun is plural)
If the noun (phrase) is far away in distance or time:
Use that (if the noun is singular), use those (if the noun is plural)
Examples (time):
(Recent) These are hard times. (last few years)
(In the past) Those were the good old days. (many years ago)
Examples (place):
(Nearby) This is Fred’s. (perhaps a book)
(Further away) That is Mary’s. (again perhaps a book)

29. Demonstrative Pronouns
What is the difference between a demonstrative pronoun and a demonstrative adjective?
A demonstrative adjective is always followed by a noun (phrase)
A demonstrative pronoun is not followed by a noun; it takes the place of the demonstrative adjective and its noun (phrase)
Examples:
Adjectives: These books are John’s. This book is Mary’s.
Pronouns: These are John’s This is Mary’s.
Adjective: That TV has a much better picture,
Pronoun: That has a much better picture.
Adjective: This house is much nicer.
Pronoun: This is much nicer.
Which has the clearer meaning?
The distinction between demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives does not affect the choice of which words we should use.

30. Possessive Pronouns
Typically, a possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and its noun/noun phrase
Ex: This book is mine (my book). That book is hers (her book).
The possessive pronoun we use depends on the “possessor”; that is, we match the “possessor” in:
number: singular (eg: hers) or plural (eg: theirs)
person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his)
gender: male (his), female (hers)
The distinction between possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives does affect the choice of which word we use.

31. Possessive Pronouns vs Adjectives
Number
Person
Gender (owner)
Possessive Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Singular
1st
Male/Female
mine my
2nd
yours
your
3rd
Male
his
Female
hers
her
Neuter
its
Plural
ours
our
Male/Female/Neuter
theirs
their

32. Possessive Pronouns: Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (My picture)
I looked everywhere for your key. I found John's key but I couldn't find yours. (your key)
All the essays were good but his was the best. (his essay)
John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers. (her passport)
Here is your car. Ours is over there. (Our car)
Each couple's books are color-coded. Yours are red. (your books)
These aren't John and Mary's children. Theirs have red hair. (Their children)

33. Genesis 12: 1 -3
Then the Lord God told Abram, “Leave your country, your relatives, and your father’s house, and go to the land I will show you. I will cause you to become the father of a great nation. I will bless you and make you famous and I will make you a blessing to others. I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you. And all the families of the earth will be blessed through you.”
Personal Pronoun - Subject
Personal Pronoun - Object
Demonstrative Pronoun

34. Genesis 22:
Then the angel of the Lord called again to Abraham from heaven, “This is what the Lord says: Because you have obeyed me and have not withheld even your beloved son, I swear by my own self that I will bless you richly. I will multiply your descendants into countless millions, like the stars of the sky and the sand on the seashore. They will conquer their enemies, and through your descendants, all the nations of the earth will be blessed – all because you have obeyed me.”