1. GERUND and GERUNDIVE Gerund: a verbal NOUN
Gerundive: a verbal ADJECTIVE
Built on present active stem (2nd principal part -re/-rī/-ī)
-ND- added
2nd decl., neuter, singular
Only FOUR forms:
GEN: -ī, “of … -ing”
DAT: -ō, “to/for … -ing”
ACC: -um, “… -ing”
ABL: -ō, “by … -ing”
Built on present active stem (2nd principal part -re/rī/-ī)
-ND- added
-us-a-um endings
Thus 36 possible forms
singular, plural; masculine, feminine, neuter; any of the six cases -- to agree with any noun or pronoun it modifies.

2. Let’s practice Write out all gerund forms for these verbs: pugnāre
mōvēre
mittere
capere (root + ie + ND + endings)
invenīre (root + ie + ND + endings)

3. GERUND REMEMBER: it’s a verbal NOUN.
Translate with “… -ing,” but don’t confuse with English present active participle!!
The running man (participle)
Running is good for your health (gerund)
An infinitive can often be used to translate a gerund:
either To run is good for your health
or It is good for your health to run (“It” = “to run”)
Let’s look at typical uses of the gerund:

4. GENITIVE:
most often with following causā or gratiā to express purpose: “for the sake of … -ing”
vivendī causā, docendī gratiā
for the sake of-living, for the sake of-teaching
often as object of certain adjectives:
cupidus vincendī, desirous of-winning = eager to win
or as the complement to a noun:
ratio docendī, a method of-teaching, a teaching method
modus operandī, manner of-operating (MO on CSI)
DATIVE:
most often with certain adjectives
tempus loquendō idoneum, a suitable time for-talking

5. ACCUSATIVE:
most often object of ad to express purpose
ad videndum, for seeing = to see
ABLATIVE:
most often without preposition to express means/manner
celeriter currendō mox advēnimus, by-running quickly we soon arrived

6. GERUNDIVE A gerund-ive is an adject-ive;
in a phrase with some noun or pronoun it modifies.
passive, future: “to be … -ed, -t, -en”
But don’t confuse with pres. pass. infinitive!
Two main uses:
instead of gerund + object:
Brutus rediit ad urbem libera-nd-am
Brutus returned to the city to-be-freed =
Brutus returned (in order) to free the city
Caesar spem hostium vince-nd-orum habuit
Caesar had hope of enemy to-be-defeated =
Caesar had hope of defeating the enemy

7. the passive periphrastic construction:
gerundive + any form of esse = X must be, ought to be, deserves to be, should be … -ed, -t, -en.
The agent is not ablative but dative
HINT: -ND- = “needs to be done” and “needs dative” get it?
hic liber est lege-nd-us
this book is to be read, ought to be read, should be read
hic liber est vobis lege-nd-us
this book is to be read by you = you should read this book
Hence our word ‘legend’, a story that should be read and remembered!

8. GERUNDIVE IN INDIRECT STATEMENT
Caesar arbitratus est :: Galliam sibi vincendam (esse)
Caesar thought :: Gaul (was) to-be-conquered by him(self) = that he ought to conquer Gaul.
Fabricius dixit :: medicum vinciendum et ad Pyrrhum regem remittendum (esse)
Fabricius said (that) the doctor should be tied up and sent back to King Pyrrhus.
NB! infinitive often omitted in this construction.

9. Gerundives in English Ama-nd-a = (she who) deserves-to-be-loved
Re-fere-nd-um = (a bill which) needs-to-be-taken-back (to the people for a vote)
Age-nd-a = (things which) …
need-to-be-done
Memora-nd-um = (something which) …
ought-to-be-remembered
Ad-de-nd-um = (something which) …
has-to-be-added
In math: divide-nd, sub-trahe-nd, multiplica-nd
In Spanish: hacie-nd-a (< facio) “something-to-be-made”

10. NVNC CONEMVR Cervisia non est bibenda minoribus.
cervisia, -ae, f.: beer bibo, -ere: drink
Nunc est bibendum. (Q. Horatius Flaccus)
Pellicula “True Grit” mihi erat spectanda.
pellicula, -ae, f.: film, movie
Hostium vincendorum causā, dux magnum exercitum parabat.
Magister noster optimus dicit nobis esse gerundia gerundivaque bene discenda.
disco, -ere: learn

11. BIBENDUM (the Michelin Man)