1. Chapter 16: Energy Sources
Table of Contents
Chapter 16: Energy Sources
Section 16.1: Fossil Fuels

2. Fossil Fuels 1
Transforming Energy
To use energy means to (A)transform one form of energy to another form of energy that can perform a useful function.

3. Energy Use in the United States
Fossil Fuels 1
Energy Use in the United States
More energy is used in the (B)United States than in any other country in the world.

4. Fossil Fuels 1
Making Fossil Fuels
About (C)85% of the energy used in the United States comes from burning petroleum, natural gas and coal.

5. Fossil Fuels 1
Petroleum
Most of these compounds are (D) hydrocarbons, which means their molecules contain only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.
The chemical processes that produce petroleum as ancient organisms decay also produce (E) gaseous compounds called natural gas.

6. Fossil Fuels 1
Natural Gas
Natural gas is composed mostly of (F) methane, CH4, but it also contains other hydrocarbon gases such as propane, C3H8, and butane, C4H10.

7. Fossil Fuels 1
Coal
(G) Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is found in mines underground.

8. Fossil Fuels 1
Coal
Now, only about one-fourth comes from coal. About 90 percent of all the coal that is used in the United States is burned by power plants to generate (H) electricity.

9. Fossil Fuels 1
Origin of Coal
Coal (I) formed from the organic material that was deposited as the plants that lived in these swamps died.

10. Fossil Fuels 1
Origin of Coal
(J1) Compared to petroleum and natural gas, coal contains more impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds.
As a result, (J2) more pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are produced when coal is burned.

11. Origin of Coal 1 (J3) Mining coal can be dangerous.
Fossil Fuels 1
Origin of Coal
(J3) Mining coal can be dangerous.
(J4) Miners risk being killed or injured and some suffer from lung diseases caused by breathing the coal dust.

12. Generating Electricity
Fossil Fuels 1
Generating Electricity

13. Nuclear Energy 2
Using Nuclear Energy
In nuclear fission, an extremely (A) small amount of mass is converted into an enormous amount of energy by splitting atoms.
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14. Nuclear Energy 2
Nuclear Fuel
As a result, the fuel that is used in a nuclear reactor is usually (B) uranium dioxide.
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15. Nuclear Energy 2
Nuclear Fission
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16. The Risks of Nuclear Power
Nuclear Energy 2
The Risks of Nuclear Power
(C) Nuclear power plants do not produce the air pollutants that are released by fossil-fuel burning power plants.
The (D) mining of the uranium can cause environmental damage.
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17. The Risks of Nuclear Power
Nuclear Energy 2
The Risks of Nuclear Power
(D) Water that is used as a coolant in the reactor core must cool before it is released into streams and rivers.
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18. The Release of Radioactivity
Nuclear Energy 2
The Release of Radioactivity
One of the most (D) serious risks of nuclear power is the escape of harmful radiation from power plants.
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19. Nuclear Energy 2
Nuclear Fusion
(F) nuclear fusion is the joining together of small nuclei at high temperatures.
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20. Renewable Energy Sources3
Energy From the Sun
(A) Solar energy is a renewable resource can be used for heat and electricity.
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21. Renewable Energy Sources3
How Solar Cells Work
(A1)Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, are made of two layers of semiconductor materials sandwiched between two layers of conducting metal.
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22. Renewable Energy Sources3
Energy from Water
(B1) Just as the expansion of steam can turn an electric generator, rapidly moving water can as well.
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23. Energy from Water 3 Renewable Energy Sources
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24. Using Hydroelectricity
Renewable Energy Sources 3
Using Hydroelectricity
(B2) Bodies of water held back by dams can form lakes that can provide water for drinking and crop irrigation. The energy is (B3) cheap and doesn’t cause air pollution.
A (B4) risk of dams is the loss of natural ecosystems.
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25. Renewable Energy Sources3
Energy from the Tides
Each day, (C1) the level of the ocean on a coast rises and falls continually. This movement is called the tides.
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(C2) As the tide comes in, the moving water spins a turbine that generates electricity.

26. Renewable Energy Sources3
Energy from the Tides
At low tide the water behind the dam flows back out to the ocean, spinning the turbines and generating electric power. (C3) No pollution is produced.
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27. Renewable Energy Sources3
Energy from the Tides
(C4) Only a few places on Earth have large enough differences between high and low tides for tidal energy to be a useful energy source.
Tidal energy probably will be a limited source of energy in the future.
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28. Renewable Energy Sources3
Harnessing the Wind
(D1) Windmills can use the energy of the wind to generate electricity.
(D2)Windmills produce little pollution.
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29. Renewable Energy Sources3
Harnessing the Wind
However, (D3) only a few places on Earth consistently have enough wind to rely on wind power to meet energy needs.
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30. Energy from Inside Earth
Renewable Energy Sources 3
Energy from Inside Earth
(E1) Heat is generated within Earth by the decay of radioactive elements.
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This heat is called geothermal heat.

31. Geothermal Power Plants
Renewable Energy Sources 3
Geothermal Power Plants
(E2) Electricity can be generated with little environmental pollution.
(E3) Geothermal energy can only be used in areas where magma is close to the surface.
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32. Renewable Energy Sources3
Alternative Fuels
(F) Hydrogen gas is another possible alternative fuel.
It produces only water vapor when it burns and creates no pollution.
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