1. THE RISE OF HITLER

2. The Rise of Hitler
Hitler was a brilliant orator who was very effective at public speaking
Public meetings were carefully staged managed with floodlights, military music and marches by nazi supporters
To rouse the people into supporting Hitler without the faintest idea of what they were agreeing to

3. The Rise of Hitler
Hitler managed to get the support of some wealthy industrialists
Thought that a Nazi Germany would be strong and thus good for the economy
Worried also about the growing support for communism
Thought that Hitler would be the best defence against communism

4. The Rise of Hitler Eventually Hitler came to power
Other parties could not resolve their differences to unite against him
The President, Hindenburg, had no choice but to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in Jan 1933
Beginning of the end for Weimar Germany and the start of the “Third Reich” (the third German empire)

5. The Rise of Hitler
The First Reich refers to the rule of the Holy Roman Empires ( )
The Second Reich refers to the rule of the German Emperors (1871 – 1918)
The Third Reich refers to the rule of Adolf Hitler (1933 – 1945)

6. HITLER IN
POWER

7. You will learn…….. How Hitler established political control (power)
How Hitler established social control
How Hitler established economic control

8. POLITICAL CONTROL A “thousand year Reich”
But Hitler’s Third Reich only lasted 12 years
Ended with Germany’s defeat and Hitler’s suicide amidst the ruins of Berlin
This lesson looks at what happened inside Germany in the years before WWII broke out

9. Why Hitler was supported?
Hitler : Chancellor in Jan 1933
Supported by President, German army and many politicians
Hoped for a strong govt and a solution to Germany’s economic problems
Then they will get rid of Hitler

10. How Hitler consolidated his power?
Hitler, however, was determined to stay
Went about making sure he had complete power
How?

11. 1. Use of Violence Stopped newspapers from criticizing the Nazis
Dismissed officials who opposed him
Use his unformed followers to break up meetings of other parties and beat up his opponents (SA & SS)
Extreme Nazi violence throughout the election campaign, especially against the communists

12. 2. The Reichstag Fire
A week before the elections, the Reichstag building in Berlin went up in flames
Hitler blamed the fire on the communists
Used this as an excuse to issue an emergency law

13. The Reichstag Fire
This law removed freedoms promised by the Weimar Republic
Right to a fair trial
Free press
The fire was almost certainly started by the Nazis though the Germans did not know this then

14. 3. Election Campaign
Called for new elections for the Reichstag (parliament)
Although the Nazi Party was the single largest party in the Reichstag, Hitler wanted an overall majority

15. Results of the Election Campaign
Results of election
Nazis obtained 43%
With the help of the Nationalist party, managed to scrap through an overall majority of 51%

16. 4. The Enabling Act, 1933
Hitler now schemed to have the Reichstag give up its powers and rule as a dictator
To do this, the Reichstag had to pass an “Enabling Act” which required 2/3 majority
Hitler achieved this.
How do you think he did it?

17. The Enabling Act, 1933
3 WAYS
Banned communist deputies from coming to the Reichstag so they could not use their votes – Reichstag Fire
Persuaded the Centre Party to vote for the Act by giving vague promises
Using the votes of his allies, the Nationalist Party

18. Effects of Enabling Act
Because of the Enabling Act, democracy died in Germany
Other political parties were banned
Trade Unions taken over by the Nazis
Press, radio and cinema placed under total Nazi control

19. The End of Democracy in Germany
Opponents arrested, imprisoned or killed
Concentration camps and forced labour camps
SS and Gestapo struck terror into many Nazi opponents
Many fled the country eg Albert Einstein and the writer Thomas Mann

20. 5. The Night of the Long Knives 1934
Hitler wanted to have complete power within his own party
Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, was disappointed
Not given a more important role in the new government
Started to create trouble for Hitler
Hitler decide to get rid of him and many of his followers
How would you do that if you were Hitler?

21. The Night of the Long Knives 1934
Hitler called the leaders of the SA to a special conference
During the night, he had them dragged out of bed and shot
On the same night, many other opponents all over Germany suffered the same fate
No public protests – demonstrated Hitler’s power and the people’s fear
This became known as the Night of the Long Knives

22. 6. Establishing post of Fuhrer
2 months later, President Hindenberg died
Hitler combined the jobs of Chancellor and President – Fuhrer (Leader)
He also became commander in chief of the armed forces
He was now the supreme dictator of Germany

23. Social
Control
HITLER's
GERMANY

24. 1. Education
Aim of education – train young people up to be Nazis and loyal citizens of Nazi Germany
Education was carefully controlled
There was Race Studies as well as German History and Geography
Strict curriculum’ indoctrinated with Nazi ideas

25. 2. Youth Movements Hitler Youth Movements:
Girls and boys (14-18 yrs) encouraged to join this organisation
Divided into different sections according to age
Those who did not join found it difficult to get in the University or to find jobs after leaving school
Military styled training / motherhood – women to stay at home and produce babies

26. 3. Propaganda
Controlled by Ministry of People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda
Helped Germans agree with Nazi Germany
E.g. posters – images of Hitler throughout Germany
E.g. Radio to broadcast Hitler’s ideas, books, music, etc.

28. 4. Censorship Banned undesired books Burnt books
Newspapers tightly controlled
News slanted in favour of the Nazis

29. 5. Strict control of people
Nazi Party – many ways of controlling the lives and influencing the thoughts of the German people
People were watched everywhere – at work, at school, even at home!
A PARTY REPRESENTATIVE in every street
Gestapo or Secret Police
SS – security forces as well as control of the police force

30. Strict control of the people
Declared Nazis the Aryan race – against undesirable – Jews, homosexuals, disabled people, etc.
Nazi controlled National Reich Church – celebrated Aryanism

33. The Jews Nazis had always attacked the Jews
Jews were blamed for all of Germany’s problems
Once in power, the Nazis began a campaign of anti-semitic persecution

34. The Jews Jews were arrested and beaten up
Many forced out of their jobs
Jewish shops had slogans painted over their windows
People were discouraged from buying their goods
Many left Germany but most stayed
They had nowhere else to go

35. The Jews
Between 1933 and 1938, laws discriminating against Jews were passed
Jews were not allowed in the civil service and the judiciary
Jews were not considered German citizens
Jews could not take part in economic activity
Jews had to carry identity cards and passports which identified them as Jews

36. The Jews 1935 – Nuremberg Laws forbade Jews to marry non-Jews
Persecution turned violent in 1938
Mass murder of Jews – what the Nazis called “The Final Solution” to the “Jewish problem” did not take place until after the outbreak of WWII

37. HITLER's
GERMANY

38. The Economy Hitler needed a strong economy to sustain his large army
He knew his Nazi Party would win more support if he could revive the economy and reduce unemployment

39. The Economy
Introduced road-building as one measure to solve Germany’s economic problems
Provided jobs for large numbers of people
Had the income to buy more goods which provided work for others
Other measures : reclaim waste land and pull down slums in the cities
In this way, Hitler was able to reduce the number of unemployed

40. Bridge over Rhine River near Köln-Rodenkirchen (A4)
(photo taken in 1995)

41. The Economy
Rearmament started in Greater demand for armaments – jobs for people in the arms factories
A large party bureaucracy was set up, providing thousands of jobs
Purges of Jews and anti-Nazis from the civil service created more jobs for the other Germans

42. The Economy Growth in German army also provided jobs
Conscription reintroduced in 1935
6 million unemployed in 1933 reduced to 2.5 million in 1935 to 250,000 in 1939
Made Hitler immensely popular with many Germans

43. Conclusion
Having fulfilled his promise of economic recovery, and knowing he had the German people’s support, Hitler was now ready for his next plan of action
To extend Germany’s border and prove to the world Germany’s superiority