1. Globalization & Middle East
Today

3. Middle East Heartland
What is the significance of Ottoman control of the Middle East in the early 20th century?

4. Ottoman Empire
Turkish control of Arabs in Middle East is the source of nationalist movements

5. Ottoman Empire WWI = dismantling of Ottoman Empire
Modern, secular Turkey is created in 1923
For much of the 20th century, in the Muslim world, Turkey was:
Most secular
Most diverse economy
Most moderate and stable democracy
Evidenced by…
Membership in NATO

6. Turkey More Recently Embroiled in regional conflicts (Syria, Kurds)
Mishandling of free speech, minorities, dissenting voices

7. The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916
“It is accordingly understood between the French and British governments:
That France and Great Britain are prepared to recognize and protect an independent Arab states or a confederation of Arab states (a) and (b) marked on the annexed map, under the suzerainty of an Arab chief. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) Great Britain, shall have priority of right of enterprise…”

8. Ottoman Empire WWI = dismantling of Ottoman Empire
Modern, secular Turkey is created in 1923
Arab portions of empire are colonized by Europeans (mandates)

10. Arab-Israeli Conflict

12. Palestine / Israel Conflict over rightful ownership of land
Complicated by religion:
Judaism?
Christianity?
Islam?

13. Palestine / Israel Historical Context
Israeli Kingdom during early classical to Roman expansion
Diaspora of Jews during Roman rule
Fall of Rome & Byzantine decline = Arab expansion & control until 1948
(except for Crusaders )

14. Palestine / Israel Holy land
Still inhabited by Arabs during late 1800s
At same time, anti-Semitism grows in Europe
Zionism = movement calling for creation of Jewish homeland in holy land currently inhabited by Arabs

15. Palestine / Israel
WWI
Make promises they can’t keep resulting in tension
Competing promises creates tension among all three groups
Arabs
Promised independence if help defeat Muslim, although Turkish, rulers
Jewish
Promised a homeland in holy land

16. Ottoman Empire WWI = dismantling of Ottoman Empire
Modern, secular Turkey is created in 1923
Arab portions of empire are colonized by Europeans (mandates)

17. Palestine / Israel WWII Holocaust re-energizes Zionism
Israel – a Jewish state is created

18. Palestine / Israel Today Israel Palestinians
Developed (democratic, compulsory military service, economically diverse & high avg. incomes)
Jewish homeland
Western supported
Palestinians
Undeveloped
Arab refugees
Pan-Arab support

20. Egypt

21. A Colonized Egypt Historical Context
Controlled by Ottomans during expansion in 1500s
Napoleon’s interlude & defeat led to Muhammad Ali, Khedives, & Western influence in mid-1800s
Britain quasi-colonizes Egypt after Orabi revolt in 1882

22. A Colonized Egypt Benefits wealthy at the expense of poor
Late 1800s: Double occupation by Ottomans & British
Benefits wealthy at the expense of poor
Small, active middle class & journalist start nationalism
1906: Dinshawai Incident
Motivated masses of Egyptians to join nationalist movements
: WWI
Martial law represses Arabs, war efforts strips Egypt of resources

23. Transition
1919: End of WWI & Treaty of Versailles
Wartime experience led to calls for self-determination, when not granted – revolt
1922: British begin withdrawal
1936: Independence, but Khedives & corrupt leadership of elites

24. Transition
Revolutionary forces mount as wealthy continue to benefit at expense of poor
Free Officers Movement / Nasser – idealistic military officers seeking reform for masses
Muslim Brotherhood / al-Banna – student movement seeking Islamic revivalism, medical clinics, women’s education, land reform

25. Independence: Military Dictatorship
1952: Revolution toppling Khedive, Free Officers & Nasser rise to power
Socialist efforts at land reform, education, planned economic growth
Diplomacy focused on Pan-Arabism, end of Israeli & Western influence

26. Independence: Military Dictatorship
Development fails due to corruption, landlord persistence, miscalculations, population growth, lack of capital
Succeeded by Sadat & Mubarak who drastically changed course

28. Iran & Fundamentalism

29. Iran

30. Theocratic Isolation: Iran
: Lack of formal colonization leaves Iran w/ few advantages
: Pahlavi Shahs – attempted modernization through oil wealth
Pro-Western reforms alienated masses
Emerging reactionary / fundamentalist Islam in region
Drop in oil price sparks revolution

31. Theocratic Isolation: Iran
1979: Ayatollah Khomeini established a revivalist theocratic state reminiscent of Mahdi
Iran Hostage Crisis
Stressed purification, traditions, & politics of Islam
Removed godless Western influences
Restricted freedoms of women
: Success of revivalist development is clouded by Iran-Iraq War
Decimated humanitarianly & economically