1. The student will analyze continuity and change in the Middle East leading to the 21st century.
SS7H2c: Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East. SS7H2d: Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf Conflict and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.

2. Vocabulary to know Arab-Israeli Wars Camp David Accords Intifada
Palestinians
P.L.O.
Refugee

3. ARAB - ISRAELI WARS
series of wars between 1948 and 1973 that were fought between Israel and the Arab countries of Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon (fought over control of territory in Palestine)

4. CAMP DAVID ACCORDS
1979 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel hosted at Camp David, Maryland by President Jimmy Carter

5. INTIFADA
revolt by Palestinian Arabs to protest Israeli occupation of Palestinian-claimed land

6. PALESTINIANS
Arabs who live in the region occupied by Israel. They are fighting for independence.

7. P. L. O.
Palestinian Liberation Organization formed in 1964; organization formed to protect the rights of Palestinians

8. REFUGEE
a person forced to seek refuge or safety in another country because of war or other political or natural disruption in their home country.

9. Conflicts in the Middle East
OVER LAND
Israeli – Arab Wars
Kurds wanting independence from Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq
Iraq invading Iran and later Kuwait for oil
OVER RELIGION
Israeli (Jews) – Arab (Muslims) Wars
Sunni Muslims vs Shi’ites Muslims in Iraq

10. SS7H2c: Conflicts in the Middle East
Israel:
created in 1948
Palestine denies its right to exist
Israel was immediately attacked by Arab neighbors
Israel won the war and expanded its Jewish territory
Land in the region has been traded several times

11. SS7H2c: Conflicts in the Middle East
Israel continued:
Arab nations still do not recognize Israel as a country
Almost constant conflict between Israelis and Palestinians in the Gaza Strip
Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan but seems to always have conflict with Lebanon
Hezbollah (party of God), Islamic Shiite group that frequently attacks Israel from Lebanon

12. SS7H2c: Conflicts in the Middle East
Iran:
1979- fundamentalist Muslims took over the Iranian government
Tried to remove all influence of Western Society
Imposed a strict interpretation of Islamic law on the entire population of Iran

13. SS7H2c: Conflicts in the Middle East
Iran-Iraq fought a war for eight years in the 1980s and 1990s over oil-rich territory
No clear winner but it led to Iraq invading Kuwait in 1990
This started the Persian Gulf War ( )

14. Conflict Creates Change & Conflict Resolution
WAR
Independence War
Suez Canal Crisis
Six Days War
Munich Massacre
Yom Kippur War
st Intifada
nd Intifada
Countless massacres and suicide bombings
PEACE
1964 – Creation of the PLO
1978 – Camp David Accords
1979 – Israel & Egypt peace treaty
1993 – Oslo Accords
1994 – Israel & Jordan peace treaty

15. Important People
Bill Clinton- US President helped negotiate peace between Israel and PLO in 1993.
Jimmy Cater- US President helped negotiate Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt in 1979.
Yitzhak Rabin- Israel prime minister part of peace agreement with PLO. Later assassinated by Israeli extremist.
Anwar Sadat-Egyptian president part of Camp David Accords. 1st time Arabs recognized Israel politically. Later assassinated by Muslim extremist against peace.
Gamal Abdel Nasser- Egyptian president nationalized Suez Canal for Egypt to help pay for Aswan High Dam. This led to Suez Crisis in 1956.

16. Important People cont.
Saddam Hussein- Former dictator of Iraq. Invasion of Kuwait led to Persian Gulf War. My government was overthrown during Operation Iraqi Freedom. I was hung for my crimes against humanity.
George Bush- US President formed coalition of countries to get Iraq out of Kuwait. Commander and chief during Persian Gulf War.
Menachem Begin-Israel prime minister part of Camp David Accords. I agreed to give Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt in exchange 4 peace.
James Authur Balfour- Represented British Government stating support for Zionism and home state for Jews. Jews back to holy land
Yasser Arafat- Leader of PLO until death 2004 {Responsible for Terrorist attacks} Helped negotiate peace agreement with Israel won Nobel Peace Prize 1994.

17. SS7H2d: The Persian Gulf War
Iran-Iraq war had no clear winner so Iraq’s president, SADDAM HUSSEIN, decided to pick on Kuwait
Hussein said Kuwait should have been part of Iraq when France and Britain split the former Ottoman Empire.

18. SS7H2d: The Persian Gulf War
Hussein invades Kuwait in 1990
Kuwait is a member of the United Nations
UN allies come to help Kuwait in “Operation Desert Storm”
The war lasted only six weeks
Lots of environmental damage done by setting oil wells on fire
Iraq hints that it has WMDs

19. SS7H2d: The Persian Gulf War
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Iraq was ordered to destroy all chemical and biological weapons and stop making nuclear weapons
UN inspectors entered Iraq in 1991 and destroyed these weapons until 1998
Many believed about 85 percent had been destroyed
Others believed Hussein had hidden reserves of these weapons and secret production facilities

20. SS7H2d: Invasion of Afghanistan
Meanwhile in Afghanistan…
In the 1990s, the extreme religious group called the Taliban was rising in power in Afghanistan
The anti-American Taliban was thought to be sheltering the terrorist group Al Qaeda and its leader, Osama bin Laden

21. SS7H2d: Invasion of Afghanistan
The US identified OSAMA BIN LADEN as the person responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
In November 2001, the US invades Afghanistan to find Osama bin Laden and disarm the Taliban

22. SS7H2d: Osama bin Laden and the Invasion of Afghanistan
The Taliban was defeated and a new government was established
The Taliban rebuilt its forces in Pakistan and launched new attacks on Afghanistan using suicide bombers, roadside bombs, and attacks on US/international military posts
Osama bin laden was located in Pakistan and killed by the US military on May 2, 2011

23. SS7H2d: Back in Iraq
After UN inspectors leave Iraq in 1998, some people still worried that Iraq had WMDs
Saddam Hussein refused many requests from inspectors
2003, military forces from US, Britain, and others invade Iraq
The government quickly fell and the military campaign was over in less than two months

24. SS7H2d: Back in Iraq
Hussein was captured, tried, and sentenced to death
Putting the country back together has been difficult
A governing council was created while a constitution was written
A guerilla fighting force attacked the occupying US forces
These attacks are still ongoing while Iraqis try to establish and maintain their new democratic government