1. Unit 3: Medieval Europe

2. Rome is SPLIT
Rome began as a small city-state and over time, became an enormous empire, controlling lands all around the Mediterranean Sea. Despite experience a golden age called the Pax Romana, it eventually deteriorated due to invasions, a lack of trade and a falling economy. In an attempt to govern the vast empire more effectively, the Roman Empire was split into two by Emperor Diocletian.

4. Western Empire Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)
Capital: Rome
Collapsed in the A.D. 400’s
Eastern Empire
(Byzantine Empire)
Capital: Constantinople
key location for trade because it was at a crossroads of Europe and Asia
cultural diffusion!
The Byzantines preserved (saved) Greek and Roman culture
Justinian’s Code: set of laws for the Byzantine Empire (Emperor Justinian had officials collect all the laws of ancient Rome and then he edited and organized them).
Survived for another 1,000 years

5. Brainpop
Fall of Rome (just watch the video; don’t bother with the quiz)

6. Fall of Rome
It was difficult to manage such a large area (at its height, the Roman Empire was 3 million square miles!)

7. Fall of Rome The Germanic tribes constantly invaded
Germanic groups: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, and Vandals.
Germanic people had been living on the northern borders of the Roman Empire for years.
Rome became weak from the constant invasions as the Germans moved into Roman territory
In 476, Emperor Augustus was dethroned and exiled by a German warrior which completed the fall of Rome.

9. The Middle Ages is the period of time in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance. (It is in the “middle” of two golden ages)
500 B.C – 476 A.D The Roman Empire
The Middle Ages or Medieval Period
The Renaissance (Rebirth)
Begins around 1400

10. The Early Middle Ages (aka: The Dark Ages) were characterized by:

11. Split into many separate Germanic kingdoms

12. Increase in warfare (dangerous time; people don't feel safe)

13. Decline in trade

14. Decline in education

15. People live in small shacks in rural villages

16. The Church was a very powerful force in Europe during the Middle Ages.
Popes usually held both spiritual & political power
The church was at the center of each manor
People became devoted to God because their lives were so difficult

17. Complete “Fall of Rome (Document Analysis)”

18. Brainpop: Feudalism

19. FEUDALISM

20. Feudalism
A political & social system in which land is exchanged for loyalty and service
No social mobility! Your place in the feudal pyramid was determined by birth.

21. After the fall of Rome, Western Europe was a scary place!
Why Feudalism?
After the fall of Rome, Western Europe was a scary place!
There wasn’t a strong, central government to raise a large army, so there was no protection from invaders.
The Feudal system emerged as a means to create
Social/political order and stability in society
provide a system of protection

22. King Land (fief) Nobles Land Knights Peasants & Serfs
Loyalty & knights
Land
Loyalty & military service
Land & protection
Labor & food

23. Code of Chivalry To fear God and maintain His Church
To serve the liege lord in valor and faith
To protect the weak and defenseless
To give help to widows and orphans
To refrain from the wanton giving of offence
To live by honor and for glory
To despise pecuniary reward
To fight for the welfare of all
To obey those placed in authority
To guard the honor of fellow knights
To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit
To keep faith
At all times to speak the truth
To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun
To respect the honor of women
Never to refuse a challenge from an equal
Never to turn the back upon a foe

24. The Medieval Economic System
Manorialism:
The Medieval Economic System
Manors:
A village and the land surrounding it

26. The manor was completely self sufficient meaning that everything that was needed was on the manor.
Very little reason to leave or travel beyond your manor.

27. The Manor System – The Medieval Economic System
The self sufficient manor contributed to the decline of learning. No new ideas were exchanged.
Technology was slow to progress.
Little use of money. Wealth based on land.

28. Complete:
“The Feudal System” History Short (just the crossword and quiz)
“Sig Fig Selfie” (based on readings of Serfs, Knights, Nobles, Monks)
“The Church Power Grows” History Short
Sentence/Phrase/Word
Middle Ages: Practice Multiple Choice

29. Spread of Islam & Golden Age of Islam

30. THE CRUSADES
Watch “Mankind: The Story of Us- Warriors” (36:30-46:03) :
Watch Brainpop’s “The Middle Ages”

31. THE CRUSADES

32. Big idea:
The Crusades were a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the holy land (Jerusalem)

33. The Holy Land
The Holy Land includes Jerusalem and surrounding areas in present day Israel and Palestine.
The Holy Land was important to:
Christians because Jesus was born there, lived and taught there, and was crucified there
Muslims because Muhammad (the final prophet of Islam) ascended into heaven there

34. Based on the map, between 1096-1204:
Who controlled most of the lands in Europe?
Who controlled most of the land in N. Africa and the Middle East?
Who controlled the holy land? (circle it on the map)

35. Background:
Christianity became vastly popular during the Middle Ages as people were increasingly concerned with the after-life.
The Muslim Arabs conquered Jerusalem around 638 BC
For almost 500 years, Christians, Jews, & Muslims peacefully coexisted
Because Jerusalem was a holy land, Christians came each year to visit (pilgrimage)

36. Causes of the Crusades:
In the early 1000’s however, Christian pilgrims increased so much, the Muslims no longer allowed them to visit. Also, many Muslims attacked the Christian pilgrims, and destroyed many of the Christian churches.
Additionally, the increase in Muslim power threatened the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.

37. Calling all Christians
Pope Urban II called on all Christians to take back the holy land from the Muslims.
Feudal lords, knights & peasants agreed to fight because they wanted:
To have their sins forgiven***
To win land and wealth
To escape troubles at home
For adventure

38. The Crusades:
There were approximately eight crusades, but only the first four are well known.
For over 200 years, Christians and Muslims were engaged in almost constant warfare.
Although the Christians succeeded in capturing the holy land in the First Crusade, they were not able to maintain control.

39. *Please read this slide, but it is not in your notes
The First Crusade ( )
Peasant army
Untrained
Lacked military equipment
Many killed by Muslim Turks
Knights
Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

40. *Please read this slide, but it is not in your notes
Second Crusade ( )
After victory many Christians went back home.
The Turks eventually took back much of the territory.
King of France and Emperor of Germany sent troops to stop the Turks.

41. *Please read this slide, but it is not in your notes
Second Crusade ( )
Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians
* He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.

42. *Please read this slide, but it is not in your notes
Third Crusade ( )
King Richard of England convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land

43. Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
*Please read this slide, but it is not in your notes
Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
Several more crusades attempted with no victories for the Christians
Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers - many of them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land

44. (IF Turks Traveled they would Trade)
Effects of the Crusades:
(IF Turks Traveled they would Trade)
I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too much money on military.
T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
T = Travel – Europeans want to travel and learn more about the world
T = Trade – increased between Europe and the Middle East which leads to an increase in CULTURAL DIFFUSION

45. Read “Effects of the Crusades” by EdHelper
Watch “Mankind: The Story of All of Us: Episode 5: The Plague” (after section on Mongols)
Watch music video: “Black Death (Holla Back Girl) by historyteachers on YouTube

46. The Mongols

47. Important Ideas to Remember about the Mongols:
Genghis Khan united the Mongols and created the largest empire in history (across Europe and Asia)

48. After the Mongols conquered many lands, a time of peace and stability occurred (The Pax Mongolia)
As a result, trade increased between Europe and Asia on the Silk Road

49. Russians were cut off/ isolated from most of Western Europe as a result of the Mongol invasions
(notice on the map how Europe and Russia are separated from each other because of the Mongols)
Russian leaders adopted the idea of strong, centralized control of the empire

51. Watch video “History vs. Genghis Khan
Watch “America the Story of All of Us: Episode 5” (first 11 minutes)

52. Commercial Revolution New Business Practices
Downfall of Feudalism
People no longer stayed on their self-sufficient manors
A "middle class" of people emerged with new skills and jobs
Resurgegence of Trade
One result of the crusades, is that more traded
There were local trade fairs in towns
Items like cloth, food, leather, dyes, knives, etc. were sold .
Capitalism
New economic system based on money and trying to make a profit
Guilds
Associations of craftworkers & merchants that set prices and standards
New Business Practices
-Banks (people could take out loans and pay them back w/ interest)
-Joint Stock Compainies (used to raise money for big projects)
-Insurance
-Bills of Exchange (like modern checking accounts)