1. Chapter 19 A Revolution in Politics:
The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon

2. The American Revolution
Reorganization, Resistance, and Rebellion
Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ War (quadrupled national debt)
Indirect political representation in England
Colonists claim “No taxation without representation” (direct tax)
Petitions to Parliament
Boycotts & tax repeals
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
War for Independence
Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776
Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776
Battle of Saratoga, 1777
Commitment of European aid
Battle of Yorktown, 1781
Peace of Paris, 1783
U.S.A. officially recognized

3. The American Revolution (cont.)
Forming a New Nation
Articles of Confederation (the government does not work—had no power)
Constitution 1789
Bill of Rights (10 Amendments) 1791
Impact of the American Revolution on Europe
The concepts of freedom and natural rights---the Enlightenment ideals of Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Beccaria implemented. (who did they leave out?)

4. Map 19.1: North America, 1700–1803.
The Seven Years’ War gained Britain much territory in eastern North America, but asking the American colonies to help pay for the war sparked the American Revolution. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States and spurred westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean.
Q In what periods was the Mississippi River a national boundary, and why was control of the river important for the United States?
Map 19-1, p. 576

5. The Declaration of Independence.
The Declaration of Independence, approved on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress, opened the door to the war for American independence. John Trumbull’s famous painting, The Signing of the Declaration, shows the members of the committee responsible for the Declaration of Independence (from left to right, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin) standing before John Hancock, president of the Second Continental Congress.
p. 577

6. Background to the French Revolution Social Structure of the Old Regime:
First & Second Estates
First Estate
Clergy
1% of pop. Owned 10% of land
Hated enlightenment ideas
Did not pay taxes
Second Estate
Rich nobles
2 % of pop. owned 20% of land
Disagreed over enlightenment ideas

7. The Third Estate (taxed)
Almost 97 % of the population
Divided into 3 groups:
Peasants (poor farmers)
85% of the population, own 50% of the land, and paid out half of income in custom dues, and taxes.
Bourgeoisie (middle class)
10% of the population, Skilled artisans, shopkeepers, and wage earners, Own 20% of the land.
Urban Lower Class (workers, cooks, servants, etc.)
2% of the population.
All were eager for some change.

8. The Three Estates.
This French political cartoon from 1789 reveals a critical view of France’s privileged orders. Shown in the cartoon is a naked common man held in chains and being ridden by an aristocrat, a clergyman, and a judge. The message is clear: most ordinary French people (the Third Estate) are suffering horribly as a result of the privileges of the First and Second Estates.
p. 579

9. Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy
Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 (cost of bread goes up)
Cost of living goes up (rents)
One-third of the population is poor
Privileges of the clergy and nobility (tax exemptions)
Financial crisis (France virtually bankrupt from inadequate tax system, war debts, excess government spending)
Failure of France to make economic reforms
All lead to the Summoning the Estates General

10. The French Revolution Four Stages
Calling of the Three Estates to deal with the financial crisis (300 delegates each to the First and Second Estate and 600 delegates to the Third Estate). Each Estate had one vote
Cahiers de doléances (political grievances)
Estates General meets May 5, 1789
Question of voting by order or head
Abbé Sieyès “What is the Third Estate?”
All 3 to meet together on Kings Tennis Court
National Assembly Constituted, June 17
Tennis Court Oath (Constitution or bust), June 20
Intervention of the Common People
Attack on the Bastille (French prison), July 14
Peasant rebellions, July 19-August 3 “Great Fear”
senseless panic sweeps through France and peasants trash property of nobles

11. The Tennis Court Oath.
Finding themselves locked out of their regular meeting place on June 20, 1789, the deputies of the Third Estate met instead in the nearby tennis courts of the Jeu de Paume and committed themselves to continue to meet until they established a new constitution for France. In this painting, the Neoclassical artist Jacques-Louis David presents a dramatic rendering of the Tennis Court Oath.
p. 582

12. The storming of the Bastille.
p. 574

13. Destruction of the Old Regime
Stage 2 ( )
National Assembly in action:
Seigneurial rights abolished (August 4, 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (August 26, 1789) (see pages )
Does this include women? (no)
The Women’s March to Versailles (October 5, 1789) Return the king to Paris
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791)
Great on paper, but not widely accepted.

14. The Women’s March to Versailles.
On October 5, 1789, thousands of Parisian women marched to Versailles to confront King Louis XVI and to demand bread for their starving children. This contemporary print shows a group of dedicated marchers, some armed with pikes and other weapons while others pull an artillery piece. The aristocratic woman at the far right does not appear to be very enthusiastic about joining the march.
p. 586

15. Constitutional Monarchy
The Catholic Church
Land confiscated & sold for money (assignats)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (paid by the state) July, 1790
A New Constitution Written Power now rests in the Legislative Assembly
Self-denying ordinance (no multiple terms, thus different members than the National Assembly)
Flight of the king, June 1791
Opposition from abroad
Declaration of war on Austria, April 20, 1792
Opposition from within
Lafeyettists (right/pro-monarchy) and the Jacobins & Sans-culottes (left/anti-monarchy) split the Assembly and in Aug.1792 “Paris Commune” led by Georges Danton

16. Radical Revolution Stage 3 (1792-1794)
National Convention created, September 1792
Universal male suffrage
Abolish the monarchy, September 21
Domestic Crisis
Factions within the Jacobins
Girondins (pro-war, no price supports, don’t want to execute the king)
The Mountain (pro-war, price supports, want to execute the king)
Execution of Louis XVI, January 21, 1793
Counterrevolution
Foreign Crisis
Military losses
A Nation in Arms
Universal Mobilization of the nation (mass conscription)

17. Execution of the King.
At the beginning of 1793, the National Convention decreed the death of the king, and on January 21 of that year, Louis XVI was executed. As seen in this engraving by Carnavalet, the execution of the king was accomplished by a new revolutionary device, the guillotine.
p. 588

18. Rebellion in France.
p. 589

19. Citizens in the New French Army.
To save the Republic from its foreign enemies, the National Convention created a revolutionary army of unprecedented size. The illustration above, from a book of paintings on the French Revolution by the Lesueur brothers, shows three citizens learning to drill, while a young volunteer is being armed and outfitted by his family. The illustration at the left, also by the Lesueur brothers, shows two volunteers joyfully going off to fight.
p. 590

20. Citizens in the New French Army.
To save the Republic from its foreign enemies, the National Convention created a revolutionary army of unprecedented size. The illustration above, from a book of paintings on the French Revolution by the Lesueur brothers, shows three citizens learning to drill, while a young volunteer is being armed and outfitted by his family. The illustration at the left, also by the Lesueur brothers, shows two volunteers joyfully going off to fight.
p. 590

21. Map 19.2: French Expansion During the Revolutionary Wars, 1792–1799.
The conservative rulers of Europe, appalled at the republican character of the French Revolution, took up arms to restore the power of the Bourbon monarchy. The French responded with a people’s army, the largest ever seen, which pushed the invaders out of France, annexed the Austrian Netherlands and some Italian territory, and created a number of French satellite states.
Q Why would Austria desire cooperation from the German states if it wanted to wage war on France?
Map 19-2, p. 591

22. The Reign of Terror & Its Aftermath
Committee of Public Safety formed and Reign of Terror begins July July 1794
Lead by Danton but taken over by Maximilien Robespierre
Rid France of counter revolutionaries
Victims include from Marie Antonette, to Olympe de Gouges, to Danton himself. 50k executed (men, women, and children)
“Republic of Virtue”
Price controls (especially on bread), Nationalization of workshops (shoes, clothing, etc.)
Women (not given equality)
De-christianization and a New Calendar
Notra-Dame becomes the “Temple of Reason”
New calendar (new months, 3 ten day weeks)
Decline of the Committee of Public Safety
Execution of Robespierre, July 28, 1794

23. Women Patriots.
Women played a variety of roles in the events of the French Revolution. This picture shows a middle-class women’s patriotic club discussing the decrees of the National Convention, an indication that some women had become highly politicized by the upheavals of the Revolution. The women are also giving coins to create a fund for impoverished families.
p. 593

24. Robespierre.
Maximilien Robespierre eventually came to exercise much control over the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre and the committee worked to centralize the administration of France and curb the excesses of the Reign of Terror. Fear of Robespierre, however, led many in the National Convention to condemn him, and on July 28, 1794, he was executed.
p. 596

25. Chronology, p. 596

26. Reaction and the Directory
Stage 4 ( )
Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory
National Convention Curtails much of the Terror’s policies
Conservative turn of the Revolution
New Constitution of 1795
Two house Assembly (Council of 500 and Council of Elders) limited suffrage based on property ownership
Executive Five person Directory
Re-establishes the Catholic Church, gets rid of price supports and new calendar
Supports War efforts

27. Problems for the Directory
Economic stagnation
Political corruption by directory members
Threats from the left (Gracchus Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals)
Threats from the Right (Royalists who want a return to a stronger government— a monarchy)
This would lead to a “Coup d'état” by Napoleon in 1799.
“I am the Revolution”
Consulate established (3 consuls= Napoleon Bonaparte, Abbe Sieyes, Roger Duco)

28. Age of Napoleon Rise of Napoleon Born in Corsica, 1769
Commissioned a lieutenant 1785 (16) Promoted to brigadier general 1794 (24)
Victory in Italy, 1797
Defeat in Egypt, 1799

29. Napoleon as a Young Officer.
Napoleon rose quickly through the military ranks, being promoted to the rank of brigadier general at the age of twenty-five. This painting of Napoleon by the Romantic painter Baron Gros presents an idealized, heroic image of the young leader.
p. 598

30. The Republic and the Empire
Republic of France proclaimed, 1799
First Consul
First Consul for life, 1802
Crowned Emperor Napoleon I, 1804
Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon
Napoleon and the Catholic Church
Concordat of 1801(Catholicism is official religion of France, but tolerance of other faiths, salaries still paid by the state & church lands not returned, but primary school is under Catholic control)
A New Code of Laws
Napoleonic Civil Codes (equality before the law, right to own property, equality to inheritance ((no primogenitor laws)), all careers open to talent—for men (women not included)
The French Bureaucracy
Centralization of administration (think Intendant System)

31. The Coronation of Napoleon.
In 1804, Napoleon restored monarchy to France when he crowned himself emperor. In the coronation scene painted by Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon is shown crowning the empress Josephine while the pope looks on. Shown seated in the box in the background is Napoleon’s mother, even though she was not at the ceremony.
p. 599

32. Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response
Peace of Amiens, 1802
Renewal of war, 1803
Military victories,
Napoleon’s Grand Empire
Failure of the Grand Empire
Problems:
Great Britain and Nationalism
Seas controlled by G.B.
Continental System, (hurts his European allies)
Spanish Ulcer (guerilla fighting)
Nationalism in Europe (backfires on Napoleon)

33. Map 19.3: Napoleon’s Grand Empire in 1810.
Napoleon’s Grand Army won a series of victories against Austria, Prussia, and Russia that gave the French emperor full or partial control over much of Europe by 1807.
Q On the Continent, what is the overall relationship between distance from France and degree of French control, and how can you account for this?
Map 19-3, p. 602

34. Francisco Goya, The Third of May 1808.
After Napoleon imposed his brother Joseph on Spain as its king, the Spanish people revolted against his authority, and a series of riots broke out in Madrid. This painting by Francisco Goya shows the French response—a deliberate execution of Spanish citizens to frighten people into submission. Goya portrays the French troops as a firing squad, killing people (including a monk) reacting in terror. The peasant in the middle throws out his arms in a gesture reminiscent of crucifixion. Goya painted many scenes depicting the horrors of war in Napoleonic Spain.
p. 603

35. The Fall of Napoleon
Invasion of Russia in 1812 (goes in with 500K troops but only 40K make it out in 1813)
Defeat of Napoleon in April 1814 (Battle of Leipzig or the Battle of Nations)
Exiled to Elba in 1814, but Escapes 1815 (100 days)
Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815 (a decisive victory for the allies)
Exile to St. Helena (off the coast of Africa where he dies in 1821)

36. Chronology, p. 604

37. Timeline, p. 605

38. Discussion Questions
What role did the Enlightenment play in the American and French revolutions?
After becoming a constitutional monarch, how did Louis XVI’s actions affect the French revolution?
Compare the urban and rural revolutions in France.
What impact did the French Revolution have on the Catholic Church in France?
What social and political changes in society were brought about by the French Revolution?
Examine Napoleon’s rise to power. Did he carry on the ideals of the revolution? What lasting changes did his reign have on Europe? What were his military mistakes?