1. Lecture 3 War, Revolution and the Rise of Radical Anti-Semitism
Alexander Watson
Religion, Peace and Conflict
11 March 2014
Lecture 3 War, Revolution and the Rise of Radical Anti-Semitism

2. Introduction Military violence in 1914-15
Food shortages and the fragmentation of societies in
The political violence of the radical right,
Conclusion
Refugees fleeing Russian invasion in Galicia Jews were 2/5ths of all refugees in Austria

3. I. The Battlefields

4. Galicia Poles Ukrainians Jews Germans Population 3,800,000 3,200,000
871,895
90,000
Percentage
47.7
40.2
11.0
0.01

5. Russian Military Anti-Semitism
Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c – 1950.re 7
Galicia
Pogroms (from mid-Aug. 1914)
Economic / Social Discrimination
50,000 Jews shifted around Galicia (spring 1915)
20,000 – 50,000 deported to Russia (spring 1915)
Russia
100,000s Jews deported esp. from January 1915
The Great Retreat
Imperial Russian soldiers

6. II. ‘The Starvation War’
Causes
Diversion of resources from home population to army
Disruption of external supply by Britain’s Royal Navy
Civilian Victims
Germany
- 424,000 die of malnutrition(?)
Austria-Hungary
- at least 467,000
Everyday Life
Rationing, Queuing, Crime
Refugees
Food Queue in Cracow
Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c – Lecture 8

7. Habsburg Refugees Jews 41.2 Poles 20.5 Ukrainians 12.0 Germans 1.3
ETHNICITY OF REFUGEES, OCTOBER 1915
People
% of refugees
Jews
41.2
Poles
20.5
Ukrainians
12.0
Germans
1.3
Italians
21.6
Slovenes
3.4
Galician Jewish refugees in Vienna (1915)
TOTAL REFUGEES: 382,577
re 7

8. Food Price Index in Cracow
(Data from February of each year = 100)
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
Flour
100
261
257
1522
1739
Bread
141
127
273
1364
Potatoes
150
200
500
1125
Source: J.M. Małecki, ‘Życie gospodarcze Krakowa w czasie wielkiej wojny ’, in TMHiZK (ed.), Kraków w czasie I wojny światowej (1990), p. 63.
Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c – Lecture 8

9. Food and Ethnic Conflict in Cracow
Timeline
7th May 1917 – 1,000 people demonstrate outside City Council to demand food. Suggestion that Jewish population should set up a home guard
June 1917 – Large Food riots
December 1917 – More food demonstrations. Protestors try to march to Jewish quarter in December, but stopped
Mid-January 1918 – Flour ration halved. Riots last several days; 63 people arrested, 26 police injured & substantial damage to property
Mid-February 1918 – Mass protests against Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
16-21 April 1918 – 5-day food riot and pogrom against Jewish populace
On 19 April, Jewish youths attack Christian traders in return
Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c – Lecture 8

10. III. Paramilitaries The Russian Revolution (1917:
Lenin speaks to the masses
German Freikorps soldiers in Latvia
Alexander Watson, Minorities in East-Central Europe, c – Lecture 8

11. Leading Russian Bolshevik of Jewish descent
Conclusion
A New Level of Violence in the East
The Rise of Societal Anti-Semitism & the Collapse of Multi-Ethnic Communities
Revolution, the Rise of the Far Right & the Association of Jews with Defeat and Bolshevism
Leo Trotsky
Leading Russian Bolshevik of Jewish descent