1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1

4. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d

5. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1

6. Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 1

7. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 2

8. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 3

9. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 4

10. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 5

11. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Cardio- vascular system
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Figure 1.1, step 6

12. Maintaining Life: Necessary Life functions of organisms
Cellular organization
Reproduction
Universal Genetic Code
Grow and Develop
Obtain and use materials and energy
Respond to environment
Change over time

13. Necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and absorption of nutrients

14. Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
Produces energy
Makes body structures
Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

15. Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Produces future generation
Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells

16. Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions

17. Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate

18. Interrelationships Among Body Systems
Figure 1.3

19. Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

20. Variable (in homeostasis)
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Change detected by receptor
Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4

21. Variable (in homeostasis)
Figure 1.4, step 1a

22. Variable (in homeostasis)
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4, step 1b

23. Variable (in homeostasis)
Receptor (sensor)
Change detected by receptor
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4, step 2

24. Variable (in homeostasis)
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center
Receptor (sensor)
Change detected by receptor
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4, step 3

25. Variable (in homeostasis)
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Change detected by receptor
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4, step 4

26. Variable (in homeostasis)
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate
Receptor (sensor)
Effector
Change detected by receptor
Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
Stimulus: Produces change in variable
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4, step 5

27. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center

28. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus

29. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat

30. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this can occur during the birth of a baby

31. 11 Organ Systems of the Body
QuickThink: Can your group name the 11 organ systems of the Body?
Question Valued at 2 RPs!

32. VESI Group Peer Teaching
Each group will chose an organ system to explain to the class.
V- Visuals
E-Explain in detail
S- Summarize (1-2 sentences)
I/ R- Questions
Title:
VESI: 11 Body Organ Systems
You have 20 minutes to become experts on your system! Get to work!

33. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a

34. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b

35. Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture
Produces heat
Figure 1.2c

36. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d

37. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e

38. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Figure 1.2f

39. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g

40. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h

41. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i

42. Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j

43. Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Produces offspring
Figure 1.2k–l

44. Lets Review
What are some necessary life functions / survival needs of all organisms?
Explain the Complementarity of structure and function.
What is Homeostasis?
Explain positive feedback ?
Explain negative feedback?