1. South Africa Notes

2. Groups
Afrikaners: People of European descent (Dutch, French, German); 13% of population
“Coloured”: Term used for people of mixed race (not the same as “colored” in America)
Black Ethnic Groups: Natives of South Africa; Most famous groups are Zulu & Xhosas; 77% of population

3. South Africa was a colony of Great Britain until 1910
The Nationalist party came into power in 1948 & established the policy of apartheid…literally means “apartness”…aimed at keeping the 20% of whites of SA in power.

4. Apartheid
Defined as the rigid separation of races (worse than segregation)
Nonwhites could not vote & were given strict rules on where they could live & work and even travel.
The Bantustans (Homelands) - ethnic groups were forced to live in separate Bantustans under the false idea that it would develop individual culture; These areas were often dry & infertile

7. Laws of Apartheid
Pass Laws: Required all black South Africans to carry a passbook which listed where they were “allowed” to work & live; Also contained criminal records & tax records

8. Laws of Apartheid
Segregation Laws: Blacks forbidden to ride “white” buses or eat in “white” restaurants; Schools were separate; Black schools were far less educated; Kept literacy rates low on purpose & many blacks dropped out of school

9. Police Use Force Against Apartheid Protesters
Sharpeville Massacre: 60 people killed in a peaceful protest when police opened fire.
The banning of opposition groups such as African National Congress & jailing their leaders, such as young Nelson Mandela
1976, students in Soweto (outside of Johannesburg) protested new law that required schools to use language of Afrikaaners; Police opened fire on 200,000 student protesters, killing 200 & wounding thousands

14. Organizations to Stop Apartheid
Organization of African Unity: Urged members to boycott South Africa
The U.N.: Placed an arms embargo on South Africa
Sports Committees: IOC (Olympics) & FIFA refused to allow their sports teams to enter competitions
The U.S.: Imposed economic sanctions & cut off trade with their businesses

15. The End of Apartheid
The white business leaders led the demand for change after sanctions from other countries started to take effect.
The President that began the process of change was President F.W. de Klerk

17. Nelson Mandela
Spent 27 years in prison for his political beliefs & refused to change his position…even for his own freedom
Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, along with de Klerk for his work in ending apartheid
Became President following the first universal election in 1994; Party = African National Congress; President until 1998

19. Transition
The transition of South Africa to a free country was not completely smooth
Poverty & unemployment were still high but whites were starting to be effected by these as well
The new government not familiar with handling economy, property & AIDS epidemic
Much work to be done…

21. Zimbabwe
Originally Southern Rhodesia-fight between white minority and black majority in the South.
Led by Ian Smith, they declared independence in 1965 and by 1980 the black majority won power and renamed the country Zimbabwe
Robert Mugabe (liberation leader) was elected president but he became dictatorial over time and was finally forced to accept a power-sharing deal in 2008.

22. In southern Africa (NOT South Africa!)
Mozambique & Angola fight with Portugal

23. Both nations raged guerilla warfare, small bands of hit & run attacks against a larger power (think of Vietnam)
The countries achieved independence in 1975
Both countries faced brutal civil wars which were fueled by Cold War rivalries.
Fighting didn’t end in Mozambique until 1992 and in Angola in 2002

24. Sudan
Genocide took place in oil rich Sudan since the Arab-Muslim north has dominated the non-Muslim non-Arab south.
Decades of fighting to combat northern domination and it even spread to Chad
More than 1.5 million lives were lost for this fight

25. darfur Located in Sudan
Ethnic fighting since 2003 has resulted in starvation, disease and refugees… nearly two million at last count
Many are calling attention to the region because of human rights violations
*Some are calling this a modern day genocide

26. Darfur
The government backed Arab militias who slaughtered civilians and drove farmers off the land
The US sent vast amounts of humanitarian aid and the International Court charged Sudan’s president with war crimes.

27. Sudan Splits
In 2005, 20 years of civil war ended and by 2011 voters in southern Sudan voted for their own independence.

28. Lost boys video
Lost boys video part II

29. SOMALIA: A CASE STUDY IN OUTSIDE INTERVENTION
CIVIL WAR ERUPTED IN 1988 BETWEEN RIVAL WARLORDS AND ALSO AGAINST THE GOV’T WHICH CEASED TO EXIST BY 1992.
MASSIVE STARVATION FOLLOWED.
THE RED CROSS & U.N. SENT FOOD BUT MUCH WAS STOLEN BY THE WARLORDS.
IN DEC. 1992, PRES. GEORGE H. W. BUSH INITIATED “OPERATION RESTORE HOPE” SO THAT AID COULD BE DELIVERED & PROTECTED. PRES. CLINTON CONTINUED THIS OPERATION.
SOMALIS WELCOMED U.S. TROOPS BELIEVING THEY WOULD REMAIN NEUTRAL.
WITH STABILITY RESTORED, THE U.N. TOOK OVER THE MISSION.

30. “NATION BUILDING” IN SOMALIA
AS THE U.N. MADE EFFORTS TO REBUILD SOMALIA, LOCALS NO LONGER SAW U.S. TROOPS AS NEUTRAL.
IN OCT U.S. FORCES WERE SENT TO APPREHEND A LEADING WARLORD WHO HAD KILLED 24 PEACEKEEPERS.
OUTCOMES:
18 U.S. SOLDIERS WERE KILLED
WARLORD ELUDED CAPTIVITY
U.S. FORCES WERE WITHDRAWN
THE U.S. LOST ITS APPETITE FOR HUMANITARIAN-BASED INTERVENTION

31. Somalia Video

32. RWANDA: A CASE STUDY IN GENOCIDE
RWANDA WAS THE SCENE OF ONE OF AFRICA’S MOST VICIOUS CIVIL WARS.
AT LEAST 500,000 PEOPLE WERE KILLED DUE TO FIGHTING BETWEEN 2 RIVAL ETHNIC GROUPS: TUTSIS & HUTUS.
THE KILLING WAS SO GREAT IN SCALE THAT IT WAS LABELED GENOCIDE.
GENOCIDE IS THE DELIBERATE, SYSTEMATIC KILLING OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE, RELIGION OR ETHNICITY.

33. RWANDA: A CASE STUDY IN INACTION
AFTER ITS EXPERIENCE IN SOMALIA, THE U.S. CHOSE TO LET THE U.N. DEAL WITH RWANDA.
EVENTUALLY THE U.N. VOTED TO WITHDRAW MOST OF ITS FORCES, PAVING THE WAY FOR ADDITIONAL BLOODSHED.
HAD THE CIVILIZED WORLD ABANDONED ITS PLEDGE MADE AT THE END OF WW II TO NEVER AGAIN STAND BY WHILE GENOCIDE OCCURRED?

34. Triumph of Evil
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4