1. The Nation Splits Apart

2. Essential Questions What caused the Civil War?
Was the Civil War inevitable?

3. Expansion is the Root of Tension
Political: each new territory would eventually become a state with voting congressmen
Support or oppose slavery?
Southern concern: disruption of slavery?
Economic: each new territory represented a huge money-making opportunity
Southerners need new land – cotton exhausts land

4. Missouri Compromise of 1820
1st big dispute of free state vs. slave state was over the Louisiana Purchase territories
Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
All territories North of Missouri Compromise Line must be free

5. Conflict Over Status of Territories
Free Soil Movement
Supported the Wilmot Proviso, which would have outlawed slavery in territories acquired from Mexico
Abolitionists vs. moderate Northerners goals
Organized a pol. party
No slavery in new territories, and advocated homesteads
Southern Position
Wanted slavery in the new territories and to extend the Missouri Compromise line
Popular Sovereignty
Compromise between Free Soilers and South
Let settlers decide

6. Compromise of 1850 Proposed by Henry Clay
Utah and New Mexico to decide slavery issue by pop. sovereignty
North gets
CA admitted as free state
New law banning buying/selling of slaves in D.C.
South Gets:
Fugitive Slave Act: makes it a Federal Crime to help runaway slaves, allows for recapture

7. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Douglas wanted a transcontinental railroad to pass through IL (rather than a Southern route)
He proposed organizing LA territory into Kansas and Nebraska
However, he realized the South will block the RR if Kansas and Nebraska are free states
New Compromise: to get Southern support, the Kansas-Nebraska Act will void the Missouri Compromise and open up Kansas and Nebraska to popular sovereignty

8. Bleeding Kansas and John Brown Massacre
Pro-slavery v. Free-Soilers
Both sides brought in “settlers” to make sure the popular sovereignty vote went their way
Voter fraud, widespread intimidation and violence
John Brown and the Pottawatomie Massacre

9. Caning of Sumner
He claimed that Butler was “the Don Quixote of slavery, having chosen a mistress…who though ugly to others, is always lovely to him, though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight… the harlot slavery.”

10. Dred Scott Decision 1857
Brown sued for family’s freedom based on the fact that they had lived in states where slavery was illegal
Supreme court ruled he was not a citizen, and could not bring a case to court
More importantly, decision stated that federal gov’t did not have the right to deprive people of property (could not deprive slaveholders of slaves in new territories)
Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
Aroused public outrage, deepened sectional divide

11. John Brown’s Raid Led a raid at Harper’s Ferry, a federal arsenal
Plot was to arm slaves w/ guns from the arsenal
He and six other co-conspirators are found guilty and hung
Northerners condemn Brown’s use of violence, Southerners are not convinced

12. John Browns’ Raid

13. Abraham Lincoln Former Whig Member of the new Republican Party
R. Party – coalition of anti-slavery whigs and democrats
Moderate Republican: not anti-slavery, but against expansion of slavery
“If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.”
Famous house divided speech
“This gov’t cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”
Lincoln-Douglas debates for Senate

14. The Election of 1860 Democratic Party breaks up
Republican Nomination of Lincoln
Constitutional Union Party forms

15. The South Secedes
After Lincoln’s election Dec. 20, 1860: “The union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the ‘United States of America’ is hereby dissolved.”
Next, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas seceded
The Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis is president (Senator from Mississippi)
New Constitution protecting slavery