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Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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1 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
Chapter 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

2 Diverse Forms, Common Challenges

3 40.1 Animal Form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
Not a process of conscious invention but the result of a pattern of development programmed by the genome Physical constraints on size and shape – physical laws that govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange Ex) fusiform body shape/convergent evolution videos.html#stampede week/videos/how-sharks-swim/ are-not-bigger.html

4 40.1(con’t) Exchange with the Environment – such as?
- recall lab with agar cubes

5 40.1(con’t) How is exchange accomplished in more complex animal?
em/testovaci/GetFile/293875/Ch%2022/Ch22 a/figure_22_22b_labeled.jpg Modules/PH/Ph709_RespiratoryHealth/Termi nalBronchiole-Alveoli.png 2070/Figure_41_03_03.png?revision=1

6 40.1(con’t) What are the advantages of a complex body plan
compared to a simpler one?

7 40.1(con’t) Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans – cells tissues organs organ system(table p. 855) Largest organ? Function? Multifunctional organ? Function? Tissue Structure and Function – 4 main categories 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous

8 40.1 (con’t) Epithelial Tissue – outside covering/lines organs and cavities tight junctions barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss Cell shape – cuboidal, columnar, or squamous Simple, stratified, or pseudostratified Shape is related to function

9 40.1(con’t) Connective tissue – bind and support other tissues in the body/sparse population of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix 6 major types – loose c.t., cartilage, fibrous c.t., adipose tissue, blood, and bone Connective tissue fibers – collagenous, elastic, and reticular Collagenous – strength and flexibility Elastic – easily stretched, but resilient Reticular – thin and branched/join c.t. to adjacent tissue Cell types – fibroblasts –secrete protein of extracellular fibers and macrophages – roam to engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells

10 40.1(con’t) Muscle Tissue – responsible for body movement/actin and myosin/energy consuming Types – skeletal, cardiac, and smooth Nervous tissue – to sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of animal to another Neurons, glial cells

11 40.1(con’t) Coordination and control – endocrine and nervous/gradual vs immediate and rapid response Hormones – only cells with receptors respond/cells can have more than 1 receptor type/slow acting but can be long lasting Nerve impulse – axons Impulse received by: other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells Both chemical and electrical Fast acting, short duration

12 40.2 Feedback control loops maintain the internal environment in many animals
Regulating and Conforming – regulate internal conditions despite fluctuations in the environment/internal conditions conform to external conditions May regulate some internal conditions and not others 2xxnb/revision/6

13 40.2(con’t) Homeostasis – steady state or internal balance
Ex) body temperature, pH of blood, solute concentration of glucose in blood - Mechanisms – see Fig – set point, stimulus, sensor, response - Feedback Loops – negative(a response that reduces the stimulus) vs positive(amplify the stimulus – do not usually contribute to homeostasis) - Ex) exercise  produce heat sweat evaporative cooling - acclimatization – temporary change during an animal’s lifetime

14 Thermoregulation – critical to survival – why?
40.3 homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior Thermoregulation – critical to survival – why? Endothermy and ectothermy – birds and mammals vs amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fishes, and most invertebrates Heat generated by metabolism vs gained from environment Variation in body temperature – poikilotherm vs homeotherm(constant body temperature) Balancing heat loss and gain – conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation

15 40.3(con’t) Insulation – reduces flow of heat between an animal and its environment Ex) hair, feathers, layers of fat

16 40.3(con’t) Circulatory Adaptations – regulate blood flow/heat flow
Vasodilation – increase in diameter of blood vessels Vasoconstriction – reduces blood flow and heat transfer Countercurrent exchange – the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes

17 40.3(con’t)

18 40.3(con’t) Cooling by evaporative heat loss – water absorbs heat when it evaporates Panting, sweating Behavioral responses – hibernation, migration Sun or shade for ectotherms Bees huddle together


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