1. www2.sunysuffolk.edu/lynchp/ocMB.ppt Accessed: 14-09-15
Marine Biology!
www2.sunysuffolk.edu/lynchp/ocMB.ppt
Accessed:

2. Trophic Structure
Autotroph (Producer)
Heterotroph (Consumer)

3. Flow of energy
through a living system;
energy is degraded w/ each step

4. Generalized trophic pyramid

5. Simplified food
web

6. Marine Zones: Benthic vs. Pelagic Neritic vs. Oceanic

7. Fig 12-16, p.285 Garrison

8. Divisions of the Marine Environment
Pelagic (open sea)
Neritic (< 200 meters) and oceanic
Benthic (sea floor)
Subneritic and suboceanic
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9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pelagic Environment
Divided into biozones
Neritic Province – from shore seaward, all water < 200 meters deep
Oceanic Province – depth increases beyond 200 meters
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10. Life in the Ocean The PELAGIC community!
A “Pelagic community” is a community of organisms that live suspended in the water column…they either float (plankton) or swim (nekton).
This is different than those that live on shore, on the bottom (etc.)

11. Pelagic
Communitiy,
Plankton
And
nekton

12. Marine
Mammals
that live in
the pelagic
zone
(Baleen)

13. Marine
Mammals
that live in
the pelagic
zone
(Toothed)

14. Even “deep” down there
are pelagic fish:
Deep sea angler fish

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Benthos
Epifauna live on the surface of the sea floor.
Infauna live buried in sediments.
Nektobenthos swim or crawl through water above the seafloor.
Benthos are most abundant in shallower water.
Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness.
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16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Benthic Environments
Supralittoral
Subneritic
Littoral
Sublittoral
Inner
Outer
Suboceanic
Bathyal
Abyssal
Hadal
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17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Benthos
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18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Intertidal Zonation
Rocky shore:
Spray zone – above spring tide zone
Intertidal zone
High tide zone
Middle tide zone
Low tide zone
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19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Coral Reef Zonation
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20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organisms of the Deep
Pelagic (discussed earlier) & Benthic (Heart Urchin seen here to right)
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21. Types of Life!
Don’t forget PLANKTON (from previous lectures and lab) but now…
NEKTON!
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22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Types of Plankton
Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton.
Phytoplankton
Autotrophic
Zooplankton
Heterotrophic
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23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nekton
Independent swimmers
Most adult fish and squid
Marine mammals
Marine reptiles
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24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nekton
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25. Now let’s put everything together –
WHO lives there…

26. Animal Kingdom Classify similar animals into Phyla 36 Animal Phyla
Only 1 has vertebrates
These animals are either BENTHIC or PELAGIC; PLANKTONIC or NEKTONIC…

28. Invertebrates Animals without backbones No internal rigid skeleton
Softbodied
Many have hard external coverings

29. Phylum Porifera

30. Phylum Cnidaria

31. Phylum Cnidaria -
CORAL

32. Phylum Annelida

33. Phylum Arthropoda - Crustaceans
Crabs, lobster, shrimp, barnacles, copepods

34. Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea

35. Phylum Mollusca 3 Main groups Gastropods - snails
Bivalves- oysters, clams, mussels
Cephalopods – octopuses, squids

37. Gastropods Spiral shells Shell-less = sea slugs or nudibranchs
Project head and muscular foot when moving

38. Phylum
Mollusca

39. Bivalves Twin, hinged shells not very mobile Suspension feeders
Gills for gas exchange

40. Phylum
Mollusca

41. Cephalopods Largest of the invertebrates (59 ft squid)
Foot modified into tentacles
Active predators
Highly evolved nervous system

42. Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda- CUTTLEFISH

43. Phylum
Mollusca

45. Phylum Echinodermata
Sea stars, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea urchins

47. Phylum
Echinodermata

48. PHYLUM CHORDATA notochord dorsal, hollow nerve tube gill slits
post anal tail

50. Two Invertebrate Chordates
Urochordates
sea squirts or tunicates
Cephalochordates
lancelets or amphioxus

55. VERTEBRATES Possess backbones – replaces the notochord
Subphylum: VERTEBRATA (that’s us…if we were marine mammals!)

56. Jawless Fish – Class Agnatha
hagfish
lamprey

58. Cartilagenous Fish – Class Chondrichthyes
skates, rays and sharks

59. Class
Chondrichthyes

60. Cartilagenous Fish – Class Chondrichthyes
skeletons made of tough elastic cartilage
negatively buoyant
some of the active sharks must swim to breathe

61. Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes
most numerous and successful of all vertebrates

63. Bony fish
examples

64. Bony Fish – Class Osteichthyes
swim bladders
countercurrent exchange
operculum
body shape effects the efficiency of movement

68.  Amphibians
not found in marine environments

69. Marine Reptiles
Sea turtles, sea snakes, marine iguanas, marine crocodiles

71. Figure 9.05
Marine iguana – 1 of 2 marine reptiles (other = crocodile)

72. Marine Reptiles ectothermic covered with scales
breathe air with lungs,
have specialized salt glands to excrete excess salt taken in from seawater

73. Marine Birds Class Aves
Albatrosses, pelicans, gulls, terns, puffins and penguins
are endotherms, also have salt secreting glands

77. Marine Mammals Land-dwelling ancestors Warm-blooded Breathe air
Hair/fur
Bear live young
Mammary glands for milk
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78. Major Marine Mammal Groups
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79. Order Carnivora Prominent canine teeth Sea otters Polar bears
Pinnipeds
Walruses
Seals
Sea lions
Fur seals
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80. Carnivora
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82. Seals vs. Sea Lions and Fur Seals
Seals lack prominent ear flaps
Seals have smaller front flippers
Seals have fore flipper claws
Different hip structures
Different locomotion strategies
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83. Elephant Seals

84. Figure 9.11

85. Order Sirenia Herbivores Manatees Dugongs
Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean
Dugongs
Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans
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87. Order Cetacea Whales, dolphins, porpoises Elongated skull
Blowholes on top of skull
Few hairs
Fluke – horizontal tail fin for vertical propulsion
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88. Order Cetacea
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89. Order Cetacea Suborder Odontoceti (toothed)
Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale
Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects
Determine shape, size of objects
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90. Bottlenose Dolphin

91. Beluga Whale

92. Use of Baleen
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93. Humpback Whale