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Flashcards for Unit 1
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Matter Anything that has mass & occupies space.
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A measure of the gravitational pull on matter.
You would weigh less on the moon! Weight
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Mass A measure of the quantity of matter.
You would have the same mass on the moon. Mass
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A series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Scientific Method
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A fact you take in with your senses.
Observation
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A testable statement Hypothesis
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An inference Conclusion
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Scientific Law Describes what happens. Often stated mathematically.
Summarizes many (thousands of) observations. Scientific Law
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A model that tries to explain why nature behaves a certain way
A model that tries to explain why nature behaves a certain way. May be modified. Theory
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7 How many fundamental units in the SI system?
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Fundamental or Base Unit
Physical quantity that must be measured. It cannot be calculated.
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Derived Unit A unit defined as a combination of fundamental units.
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Unit of mass Kilogram Fundamental Unit
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Unit of time Second Fundamental Unit
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Unit of length Meter Fundamental Unit
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Unit of temperature Kelvin Fundamental Unit
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Space or Capacity Volume Derived Unit
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Metric Unit of Volume 10 cm X 10 cm 10 cm Liter Derived Unit
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1000 cm3 = 1 Liter ? cm3 = 1 Liter Derived Unit
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1000 mL = 1 Liter ? milliliter = 1 Liter Derived Unit
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1 mL = 1 cm3 ? milliliter = 1 cm3 Derived Unit
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What is the mass of 1 liter of pure H2O?
1 kilogram What is the mass of 1 liter of pure H2O? Mass/Volume relationship
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What is the volume of 1 kg of pure H2O?
1 liter What is the volume of 1 kg of pure H2O? Mass/Volume relationship
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What is the mass of 1 cm3 of pure H2O?
1 gram What is the mass of 1 cm3 of pure H2O? Mass/Volume relationship
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What is the volume of 1 gram of pure H2O?
1 cm3 or 1 mL What is the volume of 1 gram of pure H2O? Mass/Volume relationship
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Kilogram Second Meter Kelvin Mole Unit of Mass Unit of Time
Unit of Length Unit of Temperature Unit of Amount of Substance Unit of Volume: derived (Space or capacity) Kilogram Second Meter Kelvin Mole Liter, milliliter, cubic centimeter
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Freezing Point of water in the Kelvin scale.
Physical Constant
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Boiling Point of water in the Kelvin scale.
Physical Constant
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Freezing Point of water in the centigrade scale.
Physical Constant
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Boiling Point of water in the centigrade scale.
Physical Constant
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Another name for freezing point.
Ice / water equilibrium
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Another name for boiling point.
Steam / water equilibrium
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100 cm = 1 meter ? cm in 1 meter Conversion Fact
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1000 mm = 1 meter ? mm in 1 meter Conversion Fact
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1000 m = 1 kilometer ? m in 1 km Conversion Fact
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1000 mg = 1 gram ? mg in 1 g Conversion Fact
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Mass / Volume Density
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Describes how matter is packed into space.
Density
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grams / cm3 for solids grams / ml for liquids Units of Density
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M D V Density
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How close a measured value is to an accepted value.
Accuracy
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How close a series of measurements are to one another.
Precision
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Low Scatter High Precision
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Measured value – Accepted value x 100%
Percent Error Table T, reference tables
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A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a system.
Temperature
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K = C + 273 C to K Table T, reference tables
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Scientific Notation The number is written as a product of 2 numbers:
- a number between 1 & 10 - a power of 10 Scientific Notation
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Negative exponent so the number is between 0 and 1:
0.002 2 X 10-3
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Positive exponent so the number is greater than 1:
500 5 X 102
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3.45 X 10-17 Convert 345 X 10-19 to scientific notation.
So the 2nd factor must increase by a factor of 100. The 1st factor got smaller by a factor of 100. Convert 345 X to scientific notation.
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Significant Figures All known digits plus 1 estimated digit.
From the perspective of the person MAKING the measurement.
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5400.145 cm Decimal Present – Pacific side 7 sig figs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Start counting at 1st nonzero # and count until the end of the number. cm Interpreting someone else’s measurements. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 sig figs
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0.0175 g Decimal Present – Pacific side 3 sig figs 1 2 3
Start counting at 1st nonzero # and count until the end of the number. g 1 2 3 Interpreting someone else’s measurements. 3 sig figs
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4855 g Decimal Absent – Atlantic side 4 sig figs 4 3 2 1
Start counting at 1st nonzero # and count until the end of the number. 4855 g 4 3 2 1 4 sig figs
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4000 mm Decimal Absent – Atlantic side 1 sig fig
Start counting at 1st nonzero # and count until the end of the number. 4000 mm 1 1 sig fig
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Rule for sig figs in Addition and Subtraction
Answer has same number of decimal places as the addend with the least number of decimal places. Rule for sig figs in Addition and Subtraction
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77.2 cm is correct! 28.0 cm But what do you report? 23.538 cm 25.68 cm
Least # of decimal places ! cm cm 25.68 cm But what do you report? + cm
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Rule for sig figs in Multiplication & Division
Answer has same number of significant figures as the factor with the least number of significant figures. Rule for sig figs in Multiplication & Division
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24 m X 3.26 m = 78.24 m2 78 m2 is correct! But what do you report?
2 sig figs 3 sig figs 24 m X 3.26 m = m2 But what do you report?
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c) 2.7 g/cm3 2.749 g/cm3 d) 0.36 cm3/g 2.75 g/cm3 2 sf
3 sig figs An aluminum cube has a mass of 4.75 grams. The dimensions of the cube are 1.2 cm X 1.2 cm X 1.2 cm. What is the density of the cube? 2 sf “Volume” = cm3
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Calculating density by water displacement.
Final Volume = mL Initial Volume = 40.0 mL Mass of rock = 54.0 g Density of rock = 9.0 g/mL Volume of rock = 6.0 mL 2 sig figs – determined by the digits in the difference not by the raw data! Calculating density by water displacement.
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5 sig figs 1 sig fig 58.5 grams of NaCl = 1 mole. Calculated from P.T.
g 1 mole = moles 58.5 grams 0.8 M moles/1. Liter = 0.75 M 5 sig figs 1 sig fig A solution contains grams of NaCl dissolved in 1. Liter of H2O. What is the molarity expressed to the correct sig figs?
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Data Table independent variable – controlled by scientist (column 1)
2 columns plus title independent variable – controlled by scientist (column 1) dependent variable – measured variable (column 2) Data Table
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2 axes plus title independent variable – controlled by scientist (column 1) – GOES on X-AXIS dependent variable – measured variable (column 2) – GOES on Y-AXIS Graph
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Y-axis Y = mX + b X-axis Linear Relationship
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Y-axis Y = mX X-axis Direct Relationship
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Y-axis XY = k where k is a constant X-axis Inverse Relationship
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Y-axis X-axis Graph of a Constant
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