1. Digital Divide, Privacy, and Cyber Security
Component 1.5
Digital Divide, Privacy, and Cyber Security

2. Starter: Entry Ticket
Complete the Entry Ticket for your Privacy and Cyber Security
Extension:
Define the following keywords:
Cyber Security
Cyber Crime
Ethical Issues
Legal Issues
Explain the difference between Legal and Ethical Issues

3. Learning Intentions and Outcomes
Learning Intention To develop an understanding of the ethical issues of privacy and cyber security

4. Assessment Outcomes
Describe the ethical impacts of digital technology, including issues of privacy and cybersecurity.

5. Pre-Reading Recap What is an ‘ethical’ issue?
How is it currently being closed?
What is a ‘legal’ issue?
What does the term ‘professional standard’ mean?
What is the difference between ethical and legal issues?
What is a code of conduct?
What is Privacy?
Why do you think a code of conduct is important in computing?
How can Privacy be lost?
What is the digital divide?

6. The Digital Divide
The digital divide is a term that refers to the gap between populations that have full access to modern information and communications technology, and those who have restricted access. It is used mainly to describe the split between those with and those without broadband Internet access.

7. Causes of the Digital Divide
The divide traditionally exists between:
Cities and rural areas
Educated and uneducated socioeconomic groups
Globally, between the more and less industrially developed nations.
Even among populations with some access to technology, the digital divide can be evident:
lower-performance computers and lower- speed connections.
Reasons for the divide include:
Money - people need money to access the internet and buy the latest devices, such as computers, smartphones and tablets.
Location - access to network coverage and high-speed broadband can vary greatly depending on where you live. Most large towns and cities have good network coverage and access, but rural areas can have limited or no coverage. Without these connections, the internet can be slow or non-existent.
IT literacy - knowing how to use technology empowers people to make the most of it. People who don't know how to use computers and the internet do not have the opportunities that IT-literate people do.
Internet access - the internet provides many opportunities for people who want to access online shopping, banking and job adverts. Students with internet access at home can research or revise with online help.

8. Bridging the Digital Divide
Many technologies are being developed that will help to bridge the digital divide.
These include:
Drones
Self-Driving Cars
AI (Artificial Intelligence)
Balloon Wifi
In your books you should put the title: ‘The Digital Divide’

9. Digital Divide Grade 4 Exercises
Put the subheading ‘Digital Divide’ in your books and complete the Grade 4 Exercises.
Explain what the digital divide is
Explain 3 causes
Explain 2 different methods of how the divide is being bridged.

10. Privacy
Privacy is an ethical issue. Digital Privacy is defined as “the protection of information from private citizens who use digital media” But what does this mean? For more help on privacy issues visit: es/zkhykqt/revision/1
Discussion Topic:
What information can we consider to be private and who owns data? For example, photographs that are uploaded to social networks often legally become the property of the website.
At what stage can private information like this be used and for what purposes?

11. Causes for the loss of privacy
The monitoring of online activity, including browsing histories and use of social media.
The interception and reading of messages.
Distribution of databases storing personal information.
Theft of private information by hackers.
To safeguard personal information companies must first decide what to do with it. This brings up an ethical problem that the company must decide upon:
Deciding the scope of personal and private information they can gather.
The confidential treatment of such information.
The accuracy of information – who checks that the information is correct.
The purposes for which various categories of information may be used.
The rights of a person - question of consent

12. Grade 4 Exercises
Put the sub-heading “Privacy” in your book and answer the Grade 4 Exercises You will need to use your research learning habit to answer these questions. For more help on privacy issues visit: uides/zkhykqt/revision/1
What does the term ‘Digital Privacy’ mean?
Explain 3 different causes for the loss of privacy – providing examples
Explain the ethical issues that companies have when creating their privacy policies – use examples from real companies to back this up (you will need to research these independently)

13. Cyber Security
Computer networks have many benefits but they also create security risks. By connecting computers it is possible to share personal data easily. However, it makes computers more vulnerable to interference from other people. Online networks are vital to many business operations, but they are liable to attacks targeted to access confidential data, such as customers’ details or technical information about products etc. This level of data is very expensive to gather and its loss could result in loss of reputation and even business failure.

14. Computer security There are 3 types of computer security:
Preventive
Corrective
Detective
Preventive security
Access rights
Firewalls
Physical security
Passwords
Encryption
Acceptable use policies
Corrective
Backup and restore procedures
Redundant hardware
Disaster recovery procedures
Detective
Virus checking software
Firewall software
Fire alarms
Audit trails

15. Access rights
Set access rights on disks, folders and even individual files
How are access rights used in school?

16. Firewall
Acts as a filter or barrier between your own trusted network and another
Only allows certain data packets across that meet set filtering rules

17. Physical security and biometrics
Locks on doors
Security guards
Biometric security:
Fingerprint recognition
Retina scanner
Iris recognition
Voice recognition

18. Setting secure passwords
Minimum of eight characters
Mixture of numbers with lower and uppercase characters
Include symbols
Do not include your name, DOB or personal details
Create a password based on a memorable phrase and exchange letters for numbers or symbols e.g. Brdu8#Jw
Modern automated hacking tool can quickly guess passwords of up to 10 characters!

19. Security
HTTP / HTTPS
Why do online banking and shopping websites have a padlock symbol?
What data is sensitive?
How can you keep it secure?

20. Encryption terminology
Plaintext: the original message to be encrypted
Ciphertext: the encrypted message
Encryption: the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext
Key: a sequence of numbers used to encrypt or decrypt data using a mathematical formula
Encryption algorithm: the formula for encrypting the plaintext
Two inputs: plaintext and a secret key

21. Encryption
Encryption is the encoding of data so that it can no longer be easily understood
A simple shift cipher might encode “Box345” as follows:
“Box345”   “Dqz567”
Encryption algorithm

22. Caesar shift cipher
The earliest known substitution cipher was invented by Julius Caesar
Each letter is replaced by the letter n positions further on in the alphabet

23. Caesar Cipher: How it works
Key = Shift  2
Decode “ECDDCLG” A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q

24. Encryption techniques
Private key (Symmetric encryption)
A single key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message and must be given to the recipient of your message to decrypt the data
Public key (Asymmetric encryption)
Two keys are used - one to encrypt and the other to decrypt data
This is more secure as it means that you never have to send or reveal your decryption key

25. Private key encryption
One key used to encrypt and decrypt a message
Plaintext
Key
Key sent to recipient separately
Ciphertext produced
Message deciphered
Message
Ciphertext sent to recipient

26. Public key encryption
Two keys! A public key for encrypting and a private key for decrypting
Message encoded
Recipient’s public key (made publicly available)
Message deciphered
Message
Recipient’s own private key
Plaintext
Ciphertext sent to recipient

27. Acceptable use policies
Read the school’s Acceptable use policy
What stands out?
How does it protect you?
Does it seem fair?
Is it against the law to breach it?

28. Audit trails and logs
Every time a user accesses the system, the time and date are logged along with their actions
Can help detect security violations and resolve technical issues

29. Antivirus software
Is updated with known code patterns found in viruses
Checks programs and files for matching patterns
Quarantines anything with matching sections for deletion

30. Disaster recovery Backups and archiving Failover systems
Hardware sourcing/plans

31. Backups and archiving
A backup is a copy for using and editing again if your system fails
An archive is a copy of a file that is kept for historic reference and is not meant to be edited again

32. Backups Where should they be stored?
What might happen to require a backup?
Flood or fire damage
Theft
Corruption
Loss
Accidental damage or deletion

33. Failover systems
Companies have replica redundant hardware systems on standby, in case their primary system fails
In the event of failure, everything automatically switches over to the new system
Data can also be edited and updated in two places at once in case one disk fails

34. Grade 4 Exercises
Put the sub-heading ‘Cyber Security’ in your book and complete the Grade 4 exercises You can use the information in the following slides to help you answer the questions.
What is ‘Cyber Security’?
List and explain 3 causes of cyber security breaches
Use the table below to create a shift cipher of your own. Write your favourite pastime in an encrypted message – I will decode them!
Put the following security measures into categories of either Preventative, Corrective or Detective security:
Explain 3 preventive measures of cyber security
Explain 3 corrective measures of cyber security
Explain 3 detective measures of cyber security

35. Grade 5-6 Exam Questions Pick them up from the front Complete them
Self Assess them
Stick them in
Bring them to me

36. Grade 7 Extension
Write a Data Privacy policy for Facebook. This should explain:
What data will be collected
How it will be stored
What it will be used for
You should consider researching the Data Protection Act (1998) to support you in writing this.
When you have written it compare it to Facebook’s own Data Privacy Policy and list the differences!

37. Exit Ticket
Complete the Exit Ticket and Stick it in your books.

38. Homework: Pre-Reading
Make notes to explain what the following laws do:
Data Protection Act (1998)
Computer Misuse Act 1990
Freedom of Information Act 2000
Define the term Environmental Impact
Explain the causes and solutions for the following environmental impacts:
Carbon emissions
Landfills
Increases in Populations
Repair or Recycle?
Paper and Packaging Waste
List and explain the positive impacts of technology on the environment