1. Nationalism of India and Africa
Topic 17

2. India’s Struggle for Independence Begins
During WWI, more than 1 million Indians served overseas
Britain promised India greater self-government in return for their service
When WWI ended, Britain made limited reforms
Britain continued to have little regard for Indian beliefs and customs

3. The Muslim League
Muhammad Ali Jinnah- one of the most influential leaders of India’s large Muslim population
Muslim League- formed in 1906 to protect Muslim interests
Jinnah and others feared the Congress Party was only looking out for Hindu interests

4. Gandhi
Civil disobedience was a nonviolent protest method he had seen in South Africa
Based on Hindu and Jani doctrine of ahimsa- nonviolence and reverence for all life
Gandhi believed he could convert even the worst wrongdoer

5. Future of India 1939: new world war
Britain outraged Indian leaders by postponing independence
Nationalists launched a campaign of noncooperation
After WWII, independence could not be delayed
There now will be a conflict between Hindus and Muslims

6. Section 2: Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East

7. African Nationalist Movement
After WWI- many Africans felt the impact of colonial rule

8. Africans Protest Colonial Rule
European governments expected their colonies to be profitable
Europeans exploited mineral resources of Africa, sending raw materials to feed European factories
Kenya and Rhodesia- white settlers forced Africans off the best land
Kenya- British made all Africans carry and identification card, pay tax, and live and travel to only certain areas
Farmers were forced to work on European-run plantations
Cash crops like cotton
Led to famines
African peoples lost their self-sufficiency and became dependent on European goods

9. Protesting Imperialism
During WWI, more than 1 million Africans fought on behalf of the Europeans
Many hoped their services would lead to more rights
Instead, situation stayed the same or worsened
Inspired by President Woodrow Wilson’s self-determination
Africa for Africans
Kenya- protestors Kikuyu- protested the loss of their land to white settlers

10. A policy of Segregation in South Africa
Between 1910 and whites strengthened grip on South Africa
Imposed a system of racial segregation to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy
New laws restricted better paying jobs in mines to whites only
Blacks were pushed into low-paid, less skilled work
1912: African National Congress (ANC)- formed to protest unfair laws and demand a change to South Africa’s white government
1948: Apartheid- a policy of rigid racial segregation became law

11. Rising Tide of African Nationalism
1920s- movement known as Pan-Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit and strengthen resistance
Pan-Africanism- emphasized the unity of Africans and the people of African descent worldwide
Marcus Garvey- leader of Pan-Africanism
Message- Africa for Africans

12. Pan-African Congress
Activist: W.E.B. Du Bois- organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919
Called for Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans and end to colonialism
Western powers ignored their demands

13. Writers Celebrate African Culture
Literacy movement awakened nationalism
Negritude movement- writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule
Leopold Senghor- rejected negative views of Africa by going against colonial rule
Became Senegal’s first president in 1960

14. Independence for Egypt
WWI- Egyptians were forced to provide food and workers to help Britain
Western-educated officials, peasants, landowners, Christians and Muslims united behind WAFD party which launched strikes and protests
1922: Britain agreed to Egyptian independence
Muslim Brotherhood- group fostered a broad Islamic nationalism that rejected western culture and denounced corruption in the Egyptian government

15. Modernization of Turkey and Persia
Defeated Ottoman Empire was near collapse in 1918
Arab lands were divided between Britain and France
Asia Minor- peninsula in western Asia between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, ethnic Turks resisted western control

16. Mustafa Kemal Turkey nationalist; also known as Ataturk
Westernized Turkey
Goal was to modernize Turkey along Western lines and separate religion from government
Replaced Islamic law with a European model
Replaced Arabic alphabet with Latin alphabet
Forced people to wear western-style clothing
State schools replaced religious schools
Encouraged industrial expansion
Was able to transform Turkey into a modern and strong country

17. Persian Nationalism and Reform
Ataturk’s reforms inspired Persia
Reza Khan- overthrew the Khan and set up his own dynasty
Rushed to modernize
Built factories, roads, railroads, strengthened the army
Forced Persians to wear Western clothing and set up modern secular schools
Encouraged women to take part in public life
Gained control of Persian oil and insisted the workers be Persian

18. Nationalism and Conflict in the Middle East
After WWI- Ottoman Empire was partitioned into Turkey and several new nations that made up the modern Arab world
Many Ottoman lands had oil reserves- European powers turned them into mandates

19. Rise of Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism- nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa
Emphasized common history and language
Includes: Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco
Movement sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unit them into states

20. Conflicting Promises About Palestine
Jews wanted to return to their homeland of Israel
Theodor Herzl responded to growing anti-Semitism by founding the Zionist movement
Britain promised Arabs their own kingdoms in former Ottoman lands
Issued the Balfour Declaration “a national home for Jewish people”
Jews thought it gave them a homeland
Arabs and Jews migrated to the Palestine Mandate
Conflict between the two religions still exists today.

21. Section 4: New Forces in China and Japan

22. Trouble in the Chinese Republic
Sun Yixian- considered to be the “father of modern China”
Wanted to rebuild China based on 3 Principles of the People:
Nationalism
Democracy
Economic security
1912- Stepped down from being China’s president

23. Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai replaced Sun Yixian
Military did not support Yuan
Opposition divided the nation
Yuan died- great disorder occurred in China

24. Foreign Imperialism
When China was in chaos, many foreign powers increased their influence
During WWI- Japanese officials presented Yuan Shikai with 21 Demands- list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate
China was too weak to resist
At Paris Peace Conference in Allies gave Japan control over some former German possessions in China

25. May 4th Movement Student protests erupted in Beijing on May 4, 1919
Students encouraged the boycott of Japanese goods
Chinese reformers wanted to learn from the West and use that knowledge to end foreign domination
Women played a key role in the May 4th movement
Campaigned to end foot binding and seclusion of women within their homes

26. Chinese Communism Some Chinese turned to Marx and Lenin teachings
Russian Revolution seemed to be a model for the Chinese
Soviet Union trained Chinese to become vanguard (elite leaders)
1920s- small groups of Chinese formed their own Communist party

27. Nationalists and Communists
1921- Sun Yixian and his Guomindang (Nationalist Party) established a government in South China
Planned to raise and army to defeat warlords and defeat China
Western democracies chose to stay out of the conflict
Sun Yixian stilled believed in the 3 Principles of the People

28. The Nationalists and Jiang Jieshi
After Sun Yixian died, Jiang Jieshi took over the Guomindang
Jiang Jieshi’s goal was to crush the warlords and reunite China- didn’t care for democracy
1926: Jiang Jieshi’s Northern Expedition- crush or win over local warlords and he advanced to Beijing
Communists were winning converts amongst small working class cities like Shanghai
1927: Guomindang troops slaughtered Communist Party and those who supported them
Thousands were killed
Marked the beginning of a civil war between the Communists and Guomindang
Lasted 22 years

29. Communists and Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong- a Communist who escaped Jiang’s attack
Mao believed Communists should seek support not among the small urban working class but of the large peasant class
Mao and Communists redistributed land to peasants and offered them schooling and healthcare

30. The Long March
Jiang Jieshi tried to destroy the “Red Bandits” (Communists)
Led the Guomindang in a series of “extermination campaigns”
Mao and 100,000 of his followed fled the Guomindang
: trekked more than 6,000 miles- faced daily attacks
Mao used guerilla warfare
Communists enforced strict discipline
Long March was a symbol of communist heroism and inspired new recruits to follow Mao

31. China Faces Japanese Imperialism
1931: Japan invaded Manchuria
Japan’s aggression increased, Jiang’s general pushed him to form and unite a from with Communists against Japan
1937: Second Sino-Japanese War
Jiang Jieshi retreated
“Rape of Nanjing”- Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers

32. Conflicting Forces in Japan
Japan sought to be a major world power- equal to western nations
Japan lacked the natural resources needed to fuel its industrial achievements
Japan, with the new use of natural resources from China, became an industrial power
1922: Japan signed an agreement with the US, Britain, Italy, and France to limit the size of its navy
Peasants still suffered, many will be attracted to Lenin and Marx

33. Economic Unrest in Japan
1929: The Great Depression- trade suffered and unemployment soared

34. Manchurian Incident
1931: Japanese army officers provoked an incident that provided an excuse to seize Manchuria
Japan set off explosives on Japanese-owned rail line and claimed it was Manchuria
Japan then took control of Manchuria
League of Nations condemned this action; Japan left the League of Nations

35. Militarists Gain Power
Extreme nationalists assassinated a number of politicians and business leaders
Military leaders plotted to overthrow the government
Government used schools to teach students absolute obedience to the emperor