1. The Respiratory System
Lab # 6
The Respiratory System
(Martini: Chapter 23, page 813)

2. Respiratory System - Nose 1- Upper Respiratory System - Nasal cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
2- Lower Respiratory System
1- Upper Respiratory System
Respiratory System
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli of the lungs

3. Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Nasal cavity Nose Pharynx Larynx
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Larynx
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Trachea
Bronchi
Right lung
Left lung
Bronchioles

4. 1- Nose and Pharynx The Nose
Upper Respiratory System
1- Nose and Pharynx
The Nose
Function: It provides an airway for respiration

5. Upper Respiratory System
The Nasal Cavity
Functions: 1- It moistens, warms, filters, and cleanses the air 2- It provides a resonating chamber for speech 3- It houses the olfactory receptors
Frontal
Ethmoid
Nasal bones
Meatuses
Nasal conchae
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Palatine bone
Maxilla
Soft palate
Bony or hard palate
Uvula
The nasal cavity is lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

6. Upper Respiratory System

8. The Paranasal Sinuses Upper Respiratory System
Functions: 1- Lighten the skull 2-Warm and moisten the air Resonance chamber for speech
Ethmoidal sinuses
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses

10. The Pharynx Functions: Air and food passageway
Upper Respiratory System
The Pharynx
Functions: Air and food passageway
Nasopharynx
(air passageway)
Pharyngeal tonsil
Eustachian or auditory tube
Soft palate
Uvula
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
(food and air passageway)
Lingual tonsil
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
(food and air passageway)
Glottis

11. The Pharynx Pharynx: Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx
It is a passageway for air
It is lined by a pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Oropharynx
It is a passageway for air, food and drink
It is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
It is a passageway for air, food and drink
It is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium
Larynx
Trachea
Esophagus

12. 2- The Larynx Functions:
Lower Respiratory System
2- The Larynx
Functions:
- It acts as a switching mechanism to direct air and food to proper duct
- It contains the vocal cords that are necessary for voice production
Larynx

14. LARYNX CARTILAGES Hyoid bone Epiglottis Anterior view Posterior view
Lower Respiratory System
LARYNX CARTILAGES
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Anterior view
Posterior view
Lateral view
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoids cartilages
Cricoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea

15. VOCAL LIGAMENTS Vestibular ligaments or false vocal cords
Lower Respiratory System
VOCAL LIGAMENTS
Vestibular ligaments or false vocal cords
(They help prevent any object from going into the glottis, and protect the vocal folds)
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal ligaments or true vocal cords
(They vibrate producing sound when air rushed up from the lungs)

17. 3- Trachea and Primary Bronchi
Lower Respiratory System
3- Trachea and Primary Bronchi
Respiratory epithelium: Ciliated pseudostratified columnar.
Functions:
1- It is an air passageway.
2- It cleanses the air.

18. Secondary or lobar bronchi
Lower Respiratory System
3- Trachea and Primary Bronchi
Trachea
Right Primary Bronchus
Carina
Left Primary Bronchus
Secondary or lobar bronchi

19. Diaphragmatic surface
4- Lungs and Bronchial Tree
The Lungs
They are conical organs with a broad, concave base, resting on the diaphragm, and a blunt peak called the apex projecting slightly above the clavicle
Costal surface
Apex of lung
Superior lobe
Superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Middle lobe
Mediastinal surface
Oblique fissure
Oblique fissure
Diaphragmatic surface
Inferior lobe
Inferior lobe
Base of lung

20. LUNGS Lobes Segments Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Middle lobe
Lower Respiratory System
RIGHT LUNG
LEFT LUNG
Superior lobe
Lobes
Segments
LUNGS
Lobules
Alveoli
Horizontal fissure
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure

21. Bronchi and Subdivisions
Lower Respiratory System
Bronchi and Subdivisions
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Left Primary Bronchus
(lung)
Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchus
Secondary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
(lobes)
Tertiary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
(segments)
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Terminal Bronchioles
Alveoli
(lobules)
Alveoli

22. Respiratory bronchiole
Lower Respiratory System
Pulmonary Lobules
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
(to lobules)
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
PULMONARY LOBULE

23. Lower Respiratory System

24. Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli
Lower Respiratory System
Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli
Fluid with surfactant
Squamous epithelial cell (pneumocyte type I)
Respiratory membrane
Septal cell (pneumocyte Type II)
Alveolar
macrophage
Capillary endothelial cell
They secrete pulmonary surfactant.
They are phagocytic cells that engulf invaders and activate the immune system.

25. The Respiratory Membrane
Lower Respiratory System
The Respiratory Membrane
Squamous epithelial cell O2 O2
Respiratory membrane O2 O2 O2
CO2
CO2 O2
Fused basal lamina
CO2
CO2
CO2
Capillary endothelial cell

26. Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli

30. Lower Respiratory System
The Pleura

31. Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation:
It is the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract.
An inspiration (inhalation)
An expiration (exhalation)
A Respiratory Cycle
Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Lungs
Expiration
Inspiration -1 +1
Air: 760 mmHg
Intercostal muscles elevates the rib cage and diaphragm is contracted
Volume
Volume
Pressure (761 mmHg)
Pressure (759 mmHg)
Rib cage in normal position and diaphragm is relaxed
Boyle’s law: Pressure and volume are inversely proportional

32. Intrapulmonary pressure (mm Hg) Volume of air inside the lungs (mL)
The Respiratory Cycle
A Respiratory Cycle:
It is a single cycle of inhalation and exhalation.
INHALATION
Volume
Intrapulmonary pressure (mm Hg)
INHALATION
EXHALATION +2
Pressure (759 mmHg) +1
Resting -1
EXHALATION -2
Volume
Volume of air inside the lungs (mL)
Pressure (761 mmHg)
500
Inhalation
Exhalation
250 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)

33. Lungs Volumes and Capacities
Spirometer
It is a device that recaptures expired breath and records such variables such as rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption
Electronic Spirometer
Wet Spirometer
Dry Spirometer

34. Respiratory Rates and Volumes
Inhalation
Exhalation
1 minute
500 mL
Resting tidal volume
It is the volume of air moved into or out the lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
Tidal Volume:
Respiratory Rate:
It is the number of breath you take each minute.
In a resting adult ranges from 12 to 18 breaths each minute.
Respiratory Minute Volume:
It is the volume of air moved each minute.
Breath per minute (reparatory rate)
Tidal Volume x
Respiratory Minute Volume = x
500 mL =
6000 mL per minute (6.0 liters per minute)
12 per minute

35. Respiratory Performance and Volume Relationships
Respiratory Volumes
1- Tidal volume (Vt):
It is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled a single respiration cycle under resting conditions (500 mL).
2- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
It is the amount of air that you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal, quiet expiration (1000 mL).
3- Residual Volume (RV):
It is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation (1200 mL).
4- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
It is the amount of air that you can voluntarily inhale after you have completed a normal, quiet inspiration (3000 mL).
6000 mL
Time
Volume (mL)
Inhalation
Exhalation
INSIDE THE LUNGS
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
3300 mL
Tidal volume (Vt)
500 mL
Total lung capacity
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
1000 mL
Residual volume (RV)
1200 mL
Minimal volume mL
The amount of air that will remain in the lungs if they were allow to collapse.
0 (mL)

36. Respiratory Capacities
It is the maximum amount of air that you draw into your lungs after you have completed a normal tidal expiration (Vt + IRV = 3800 mL).
1- Inspiratory Capacity :
It is the amount of air remaining in your lungs after you have completed a normal tidal expiration (ERV + RV = 2200 mL).
2- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
3- Vital Capacity (IC):
It is the maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single forced respiratory cycle (ERV + Vt + IRV = 4800 mL).
4-Total lung capacity (TLC):
It is the total volume of your lungs (vital capacity + RV = 6000 mL).
Time
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
3300 mL
Inspiratory capacity
Vital capacity
Tidal volume (Vt)
500 mL
Total lung capacity
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
1000 mL
Functional residual capacity
Residual volume (RV)
1200 mL
Minimal volume mL