1. Foundations Topic: concepts and Paleolithic Age 8/15
Paleolithic to Fall of Rome

2. Basic Terms Pre history - before writing History - Written Record
Paleolithic - Old Stone age Neolithic - New Stone age Technology- tools.

3. Paleolithic and Neolithic Societies “IN the beginning change was slow, very slow, very very slow…. yet, over a long, long, very long time important changes did occur that makes us what we are today

4. A Brief look at Time 3 – 2.5 Million BCE First Human Ancestor
600,000 Years people spread to Europe, Asia from Africa
250, 000 Years Neanderthals from the Neanderthal Valley Germany
120,000 BCE Home Sapiens (Late Paleolithic Age)
60,000 BCE Australia is populated
14,000 BCE End of Ice Age
12,000 BCE Mesolithic Age (Transition)
9,000, BCE domestication of sheep, pigs etc.
8,000 BCE People spread to Siberia, South America
8,000 BCE Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Farming takes hold in the Middle East
6, 000 BCE first putters wheel invented
BCE Writing Develops in Sumer Mesopotamia Beginning of HISTORY and civilization Bronze Age
3,100 BCE Pyramids Civilization Egypt
2,500 BCE Indus Valley Civilization India
2500 – 1500 BCE Shang Valley Civilization China
2050 BCE Babylon
1500 BCE Iron Age Mesopotamia

5. “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”
Lucy: The First Hominid Skeleton Australopithecus
Discovered by Donald C. Johansson in 1974 Ethiopia

6. “Lucy” First species of “human” 3 - 2.5 million years ago
The First Hominid Skeleton Ethiopia
"hominid" generally meaning erect-walking
'Lucy', one of the first hominid skeleton dated to be more than 3 million years old, was the oldest hominid to be discovered.
This confirmed the transition of ape men to human like form.

7. Lucy
Lucy was a tiny-brained individual, approximately 3.5 feet (a little more than 1 meter) tall.
The sex of the skeleton was confirmed by the pelvic bones, which must be larger in females in order to permit the birth of large-skulled babies.

8. Hominid Evolution: Follow the Skulls

9. Homo sapiens emerge about 120,000 BCE
We are here…. Most of us

10. The Technology of Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Societies
Early tools - wood, bones, animal skins, and stone,
Fire for light and warmth and sharing knowledge
First weapons included rocks and clubs, knives, spears, axes, and the bow and arrow.
Between 2 and 3 millions years ago, humanity's immediate ancestors appeared in Africa. Between 100,000 and 200,00 years ago, true humans or homo sapiens, (meaning wise human), appeared. The best known of homo sapiens are the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man. What seems certain is that homo sapiens originated in Africa and then migrated outward. This is called the “Out of Africa” thesis.

12. Social Organization During Paleolithic Age
Most hunter-gatherer societies were mobile or nomadic.
Coordination and teamwork were needed to hunt large creatures and wage war.

13. Social Organization During Paleolithic Age
Men hunted, made war, and performed heavy labor.
Women gathered nuts, berries, and plants; prepared food; maintained home; and tended children.
Some historians believe women and men were basically equal different roles equal respected.
Law: as society increases role of women decreases

14. Religion of Paleolithic Societies
Worshipped mostly animism - spirits, nature, rivers etc.
Buried their dead.
How do we know?

15. Religion of Paleolithic Societies
Oldest cave paintings discovered to date are 32,000 years old. France
Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne département. They contain some of the most well-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 16,000 years old. They primarily consist of realistic images of large animals, most of which are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. In 1979, Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list along with other prehistoric sites in the Vézère valley.[1]

16. Intellectual Characteristics of Paleolithic Societies
Humans expressed themselves in art and music.
The first known musical instruments are flutes from 30,000 years ago.
Major accomplishment to survive and spread world wide
The Divje Babe flute is a cave bear femur pierced by spaced holes that was found at the Divje Babe archeological park located near Cerkno in northwestern Slovenia. It has been suggested that it is the world's oldest known musical instrument,[1] but this is in dispute.[2][3][4] The continuing dispute notwithstanding, the artifact remains on prominent public display as a flute in the National Museum of Slovenia (Narodni Muzej Slovenije) in Ljubljana. The museum's visitor leaflet maintains that manufacture by Neanderthals "is reliably proven".[5]

17. Topic: Neolithic Age 8/16 Why Change?
Most evidence suggests that hunters-gatherers resisted agriculture as long as they could.
Why? Tradition, way of life
Modern Day Bedouins are nomadic

18. Topic Neolithic Age The Neolithic Revolution
(8000BCE-3500BCE)
Sometimes termed the
Agricultural Revolution.
Humans begin to slowly domesticate plant and animal stocks in Southwest Asia.
Agriculture requires nomadic peoples to become sedentary.
Populations begin to rise in areas where plant and animal domestication occurred.

19. Agricultural Revolution or Transformation?

20. Agricultural Revolution or Agricultural Transition?
Agriculture was not a sudden transformation.
The term, “revolution,” is often used because of the magnitude of change involved.

21. Development and Spread of Agriculture
Farming developed first in the Middle East, in an arc of territory running from present-day Turkey to Iraq and Israel (Fertile Crescent) Tigress and Euphrates Rivers
Barley and wild wheat were abundant

22. Roles of Women
Women generally lost status under male-dominated, patriarchal systems.
Women were limited in vocation,
worked in food production, etc.
Women may have lacked the
same social rights as men.
Rule: The more complex a society the less equality for women!!!

23. Development and Spread of Agriculture
Farming then spread to parts of India, north Africa, and Europe.
Agriculture spread much later to Africa.
Agriculture was invented separately in the Americas much later (around 5000 B.C.E.)
Followed by Southeast Asia and Japan
And then Central Asia

24. Independent Development vs.
Cultural Diffusion
Areas of Independent Development:
Agriculture, art, Invention Created without outside influence
Cultural Diffusion: Religion, Agriculture, weapons, architecture( outside influence mixing of culture)

25. Agriculture Prompted New Ideas and Techniques
The need for storage facilities for grains and seeds prompted the development of basket-making and pottery BC Potters Wheel.
Discovery of metal tools (4000 B.C.E.) in the Middle East (Ages were categorized by metal( Iron Age)
Copper was the first metal, followed by bronze – a more resilient metal. Iron strongest . Each society, civilization arrived at this tech at different times

26. Further Technological Advancements
Wheeled Vehicles (Most Neolithic societies did not have the wheel.
Saves labor, allows transport of large loads and enhances trade
Potters Wheel (c.6000BCE)
Allows the construction of more durable clay vessels and artwork
Irrigation & Driven Plows
Allows further increase of food production, encourages pop. growth

28. Sedentary Agriculturalists Dominate
First plow invented 4000BCE.
Pop. grows from 5-8 million to million.

29. First Towns Develop
Catal Huyuk
Modern Turkey
First settled:
c. 7000BCE
Jericho
Modern Israel
First settled:
c. 7000BCE

30. Catal Huyuk Jericho

31. Drawing Depicting Catal Huyuk (shot-l- hoo-yook) in southern Turkey

32. Wall Painting from Catal Huyuk (shot-l- hoo-yook) in southern Turkey

33. Fertility Statue from Catal Huyuk (shot-l- hoo-yook) in southern Turkey Religion shifts to polytheism. Praying to many gods represented in statue , art or in some physical way

34. Göbekli Tepe Modern Turkey Buried 8000 Years Ago
Much older than previously thought possible

36. Civilization has all the above plus writing
Neolithic cities had all the following elements of civilization Except one
Specialization of jobs metal workers, pottery workers, farmers, soldiers, religious and political leaders.
Social Classes Kings, Priests, Warriors, craftsman
Surplus of food
Central Government
Arts and Architecture
Religion
Civilization has all the above plus writing
Beginnings of social stratification (class)

37. Civilizations Begins in Sumer Modern Day Iraq
Sumerians developed writing, starting with cuneiform (writing based on wedge-like characters) in the Modern day Iraq around B.C.E.
One of the earliest written records from the Middle East is a recipe for making beer.

38. Sumer
On the day Sumer created writing History was born and Civilization was Born