1. Crude oil

2. How crude oil was formed
Microscopic plants and animals die and fall to the sea bed
Layers of sand and mud form on top
Pressure and high temperature cause oil to form
Oil obtained by drilling

3. What is crude oil?
Pentane

4. Where does crude oil come from?

5. The Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Average number of C atoms in chain
Fraction
Boiling pt. 3
Liquid petroleum gas
< 25oC
40oC
Petrol (gasoline)
25 – 60oC 8
Naphtha
60 – 180oC 10
Paraffin
180 – 220oC 12
Diesel 20
220 – 250oC
Fuel oil 40
250 – 300oC
Lubricating oil 80
300 – 350oC
Bitumen
120
> 350oC
350oC
Heated Crude Oil

6. How do we separate the chemicals in crude oil?

7. Properties of the fractions

8. The compounds produced by the distillation of crude oil are all hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain the elements hydrogen and carbon.

9. Naming hydrocarbons Alkanes Methane Ethane Propane CH4 C2H6 C3H8
These hydrocarbons are said to be saturated.
(They have single bonds between carbon atoms).

11. Fuels
Most alkanes are used as fuels to produce useful forms of energy.
When completely burned alkanes form carbon dioxide and water.

12. Equations for combustion
CH4
methane O2
oxygen 2
CO2
carbon dioxide
H2O
water 2
C3H O CO H2O 5 3 4
C2H O CO H2O 3 2 2

13. Combustion of hydrocarbons
When burned with sufficient oxygen, hydrocarbons form carbon dioxide and water

14. Alkenes Test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon (an alkene) Ethene C2H4
Alkenes are said to be unsaturated
Test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon (an alkene)
Add unsaturated compound
Shake