1. Patrol Procedures
Chapter 3

2. Traditional Methods Administrative Activities
Activity logs, meetings, traffic studies (Citizen complaints)
Officer Initiated Activities
Traffic stops, citizen contacts, business contacts
Know the problem areas
Assigned calls for service
911 calls, report calls, neighborhood canvas, civil issues - reports
Follow-up contacts
With victim – citizen or business owner
Do this even if not assigned or required

3. Random Patrol The police officer patrols a designated geographic area.
Beat assignment
Dept. procedures dictate whether the initial responding officer is responsible for follow-up investigation
Don’t develop a routine

4. Rapid Response to Citizens’ 911 calls
The police officer receives a call from the police dispatcher, then responds to the call.
The officer is not assigned a specific beat

5. Retroactive Investigation of Past Crimes by Detectives
If the call involves a crime, the police officer conducts a preliminary investigation and often refers the case to a detective who then conducts a follow up investigation of the crime
Patrol takes the initial report and all follow-up is done by detectives

6. Kansas City Study
First attempt to actually test the effectiveness of random routine patrol
During , Kansas City Department conducted an experiment to test the effects of routine preventive control. This year long experiment has been both influential and controversial.

7. K.C. Study Format
Fifteen patrol beats in Kansas City’s South Patrol were used.
Five of those beats were assigned to a control group with no changes in normal patrol staffing or tactics.
Five other beats were chosen as reactive beats, and all preventive patrolling was eliminated.
The reactive beats and the proactive beats were all experimental groups.

8. K.C. Study Format
Outside patrol units handled calls in the reactive beats, and units left the beats once they had handled the calls.
During the experiment all activities within the 15 beats was monitored.
Prior to the outset of the experiments researchers collected data on reported crime, arrests, traffic accidents, response times, citizen attitudes, citizen and business victimization for each of the 15 beats.
No one in the community was advised during the entire year of the experiment

9. Kansas City Study Outcome
Conclusions:
Adding or subtracting police patrols from an area made NO difference in the community.
No change in crime.
No change in citizen fear of crime.
No change in community attitude toward police.
No change in police response time.
No change in traffic accidents.

10. Kansas City Study
It had been commonly believed that putting more officers on patrol would cause a decrease in crime, and taking away police would cause an increase in crime. The Kansas City Study demonstrated this was wrong.

11. Kansas City Study
James Q. Wilson: “…All it shows is that changes in the amount of random preventive patrol in marked cars does not, by itself, seem to affect…how much crime occurs or how safe people feel.”
Joseph D. McNamara: “…the experiment seemed to show that police officers uncommitted time-(responding to calls or self-initiated police time) which is approximately 50%, could be used more effectively.”

12. Patrol Options

13. Patrol Beat assignment/responsibility
Drive your beat at the beginning of your shift
Building checks
New businesses – contact info, site review
Open door report
Lights – on or off normally
Reflection off glass
Special attention checks – beginning/end of shift
Vacation homes
Road construction – for you, FD & EMS
Construction sites – burglary targets

14. Patrol Calls from previous shift or since you last worked Hot Spots
Events/Gatherings – planned or impromptu
Bail checks
Warrants
Traffic enforcement

15. Team Policing Used prior to Community Policing
Shift commander has autonomy to run their shift
Working with the same officers, supervisors on the same shift with the same days off
Beat assignments are generally the same

16. Plainclothes Assignment
Useful for maintaining visual contact
Recon info
Embedded in crowds
Identification to other officers
Conversing with uniformed officers
Let the undercover officer initiate conversation

17. Surveillance
Keeping a person, place or object under observation in order to identify an individual, develop information, determine relationships
Purposes:
Gather evidence to arrest or get search warrant
Locate suspects, wanted persons or runaways/missing persons
Gather info for interview/interrogation
Build credibility of informants
Determine relationships

18. Specialized Enforcement Team
Tactical Enforcement Unit
Crime Reduction Unit
Separated from regular patrol operations
Proactive unit
Responsible for addressing specific problems
Could be in uniform or plainclothes

19. Decoy Operation Officer takes on role Requires uniformed back up
Prostitute
Deering Oaks
Deering Street
Robbery victim
Bait Car with valuables
Requires uniformed back up

20. Sting Operation
Involves using various undercover methods to apprehend thieves and recover stolen property.
Sting operations can account for a large number or arrests and the recovery of a significant amount of stolen property.
Pawn shop
Raffle winner – to clear warrants
Taxi Driver

21. Stake Out
A stakeout consists of a group of officers who conceal themselves in a or about a location waiting for a crime to occur or a suspect to arrive
Fixed surveillance
Starbucks opening

22. Details Road construction Events/Concerts Protection details Airport
Flying armed
Businesses

23. Crime Analysis Study of crime and disorder Crime Disorder
Burglary, theft, assault
Disorder
Noise complaints, burglar alarms, suspicious activity, traffic control, neighbor disputes
Becomes necessary because of the volume of the reports generated

24. Crime Analysis Use of databases Sex offenders - http://sor.informe.org
Department of Corrections – inmate search
GIS Mapping – sex offender address, distance to schools (drug dealing)
Assessor’s database – property ownership

25. Crime Analysis
Gathers information from incidents, offenders, victims, targets
Used to identify trends/patterns, assist in criminal apprehension, crime/disorder reduction and prevention and evaluation (effectiveness)

26. Crime Analysis Sociodemographic Analysis
Personal characteristics of individuals and groups
Sex, race, age, education, income
Individual level
ID crime suspects
Broader level
Characteristics of groups and how they relate to crime

27. Crime Analysis Spatial Analysis
Use of technology and visual displays to show relationships between crime
Mapping, locations and events

28. Crime Analysis Temporal Patterns Long term Mid term Short range
Year to year
Mid term
Month to month
Short range
Day of week, time of day, relationship between specific incidents

29. Crime Analysis Least effort principle
Criminals tend to commit crimes within a comfort zone near their residence
Important to work with other agencies like Probation to know where offenders are living
Info must be shared between patrol and detectives

30. Predictive Policing Based on data analysis Less reactive
Idea taken from retailers like Walmart & Amazon
Walmart – storm = duct tape, bottled water and strawberry Pop-Tarts
Less reactive

31. Predictive Policing
Use of existing police data to predict a geographic area where crime may occur
Algorithm requires the date, time, type and location of previous crime
No personal data is utilized – no security issue

32. Predictive Policing
A “Hot Spot” is generated for patrol units to patrol if they are available
Santa Cruz, CA. – veteran officers identify 8/9 of 15 “Hot Spots” generated by the software… newer officers identify 1 or 2
Burglaries are reduced by 19% over six months

33. CompStat Comparative Statistics Based on:
Widespread communication of accurate, timely intelligence
Coordinated rapid deployment to problem areas
Tactics based on accurate & current intelligence
Thorough follow-up and assessment

34. CompStat Done correctly it is effective Police are held accountable
Crime goes down because of police activity
Communities become safer
Done incorrectly…

35. CompStat Credibility is questioned
No confidence in method by police department
Used for career enhancement
“Investigations” increase
Is this fair to the community?

36. Data Driven Approach to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS)
Uses data to identify areas with high rates of traffic crashes/violations and crime
Using data that is readily available to the agency
Coordinated response to the problem areas

37. Data Driven Approach to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS)
Consistently proven to be effective
Used regularly by National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA)

38. Preparing for Duty

39. Day One You are being evaluated the second you walk in
You don’t get a second chance to make a first impression
Appearance, attitude, demeanor, willingness to accept criticism
Listen, listen, listen
Be quiet….and listen

40. Your FTO Responsible for your safety
Ensuring you progress through the phases
Confident and inspiring
Answers to the department about you
Needs to be brutally honest with you
Praise in public and punish in private
Is constantly evaluating you
Other officers are constantly evaluating you

41. Evaluation of Trainee Daily Observation Report
Must perform satisfactorily to progress
Consistent progress is necessary

42. Evaluation of Training Officer
Commitment by department to quality of program
Not shared until program is completed
Helps to identify areas needing improvement

43. Equipment Majority is issued by department Allowable equipment list
Straight replacement
Clothing allowance
Both
Allowable equipment list
Use of unauthorized equipment
Maintenance of equipment

44. Body Armor External Concealed Threat Level Good for 5 years
Level II most common
Good for 5 years
Trauma plate
Custom fit

45. Uniform/Equipment Will be how you are judged Don’t skimp on shoes
“Go” bag
Cold/hot weather gear
Extra ammunition/magazines
Bug spray
Extra cuffs/ speed cuffs

46. Equipment - Worn Back up weapon(s) Extra ammo/magazines Gun belt
Handgun/ Rifle/ Shotgun
Department approved
Must qualify with this weapon also
Extra ammo/magazines
Gun belt
Leather or nylon
Keepers

47. Equipment - Worn Holster Magazine pouch Handcuffs Flex cuffs
Retention level
Magazine pouch
Handcuffs
Links or hinged
At least two pair – more in “Go” bag
Flex cuffs
Radio/ holder
Lapel microphone or ear piece

48. Equipment - Worn Pepper spray & holder Microphone holster
Taser and holster
Key holder
Puncture resistant gloves
Latex gloves & holder
Notebook and pens
Date and keep your old notebooks
Miranda cards

49. Equipment - Other Multi-purpose tool/ knife Door wedge Metal clipboard
Ticket book
Parking tickets
Street Guide
Law books – criminal, m/v and Law Enforcement Officers Manual (LEOM)
Department paperwork

50. Equipment -Other Flashlight & holder, charger or batteries Cell phone
GPS
Hearing protection/ Eye protection
Binoculars
Digital recorder and/or camera

51. Briefing/Class/Roll Call
Given by Shift Commander
Attended by all personnel – not just Patrol
Previous shift activity
Significant calls
Stolen cars
Special attentions
Human Resources issues
Roll call training
Personnel & equipment inspection

52. Collective Bargaining Unit
To join or not to join
85% fair share
Legal representation for on-duty incidents
Grievances
Input into collective bargaining issues
Community representation
Sports team sponsorship
Shop with a Cop…

53. Vehicle Inspection Exterior inspection Interior inspection New damage
Maintenance issues
Interior inspection
Thoroughly inspect the back seat for contraband
Check under seats
Emergency equipment functional?
Record mileage
Inspect trunk
First aid kit/Fire extinguisher/flares/shield