1. PROPERTIES OF
WATER

3. WATER IS THE MOST ABUNDANT COMPOUND IN
MOST LIVIING THINGS
WHAT KIND OF BONDS JOIN ITS ATOMS?
ARE HYDROGENS JOINED TO HYDROGENS?
WHY IS THE H END POSITIVE AND O END NEGATIVE?

4. POLARITY UNEQUAL CHARGES FORM IN A MOLECULE SINCE
SHARED ELECTRONS ARE MORE LIKELY FOUND IN
ONE AREA RATHER THAN ANOTHER
IN WATER, THE O “END” IS MORE - AND THE H “END”
IS MORE +
THESE PARTIAL CHARGES ENABLE WATER TO DISSOLVE MANY OTHER POLAR MOLECULES AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

6. HYDROGEN BONDS WEAK BONDS FORMED FROM THE ATTRACTION OF
OPPOSITE CHARGES
EXAMPLE: IN WATER, THE
POSTIVE END (H) IS
ATTRACTED TO
THE NEGATIVE END (O)
OF ANOTHER WATER
MOLECULE

8. COHESION
ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE MOLECULES
OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE

9. ADHESION ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE MOLECULES OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES

10. SURFACE TENSION TENSION BETWEEN MOLECULES IS GREATER AT THE
SURFACE DUE TO COHESION- FORMING A SURFACE FILM /

11. EXAMPLES OF SURFACE TENSION
SOAP AND HOT WATER
DECREASE SURFACE
TENSION INCREASING
ABILITY TO CLEAN
MATERIALS

13. CLIMBING OR SPREADING DUE TO ADHESION
CAPILLARY ACTION
CLIMBING OR SPREADING DUE TO ADHESION
AND COHESION

16. MIXTURES TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS PHYSICALLY
MIXED BUT NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED
1. SOLUTIONS - EVEN DISPERSION (EX. SALT WATER)
A. SOLUTE - SUBSTANCE THAT IS DISSOLVED (SALT,...)
B. SOLVENT - WHAT THE SUBSTANCE DISSOLVES IN
(FREQUENTLY WATER);
WATER IS THE GREATEST SOLVENT.
IT DISSOLVES IONIC COMPOUNDS AND
POLAR MOLECULES

17. NaCI Solution
Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water

18. ACIDS, BASES, AND pH WATER FORMS IONS H20  H+ AND OH-
Oven cleaner
WATER FORMS IONS
H20  H+ AND OH-
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
pH SCALE - INDICATES
CONCENTRATION OF H+
IONS IN SOLUTION
7 – NEUTRAL; EQUAL
CONCENTRATIONS
ABOVE 7 - BASIC; MORE OH-
BELOW 7 - ACIDIC; MORE H+
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid

19. IN A SOLUTION… ACIDS FORM HYDROGEN IONS BASES PRODUCE HYDROXIDE IONS
BUFFERS - WEAK ACIDS OR BASES THAT REACT
WITH STRONG ACIDS OR BASES TO PREVENT
SHARP CHANGES IN pH