1. Chapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks

2. Key Ideas Three major categories of human health risk:
physical
biological
chemical
Historical vs Emerging infections
Plague, Malaria, Tuberculosis
HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Mad Cow, Bird Flu, West Nile
Five Major Toxic Chemicals
Neurotoxins
Carcinogens
Teratogens
Allergens
Endocrine disruptors

3. Key Ideas cont. Chemical concentration studies:
Dose-response
Retrospective
Prospective
Chemical concentrations factors
Routes
Solubility
Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
Two philosophies of chemical regulation
Innocent-until-proven-guilty
Precautionary

4. Leading causes of death in the world:

5. Biological Risks
_______________________ those caused by infectious agents, known as pathogens.
Examples: pneumonia and venereal diseases

6. Biological Risks
Infectious diseases- those caused by infectious agents, known as pathogens.
Examples: pneumonia and venereal diseases

7. Biological Risks
________________ disease- slowly impairs the functioning of a person’s body.
_________________ diseases- rapidly impair the functioning of a person’s body.

8. Biological Risks
Chronic disease- slowly impairs the functioning of a person’s body.
Acute diseases- rapidly impair the functioning of a person’s body.

10. ________________ Diseases
Plague
Malaria
Tuberculosis

11. Historical Diseases
Plague
Malaria
Tuberculosis

12. ____________________ Diseases
HIV/AIDS
Ebola
Mad Cow Disease
Bird Flu
West Nile Virus

13. Emergent Diseases HIV/AIDS Ebola Mad Cow Disease Bird Flu
West Nile Virus

14. Chemical Risks
______________________- chemicals that disrupt the nervous system

15. Chemical Risks
____________________- chemicals that cause cancer

16. Chemical Risks
_____________________ - chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses

17. Chemical Risks
________________ - chemicals that cause allergic reactions

18. Chemical Risks
_______________________ - chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body

19. Chemical Risks
Neurotoxins- chemicals that disrupt the nervous system (LEAD & MERCURY)
Carcinogens- chemicals that cause cancer (ASBESTOS & RADON)
Teratogens- chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses (ALCOHOL)
Allergens- chemicals that cause allergic reactions (PEANUTS, MILK & MEDICINES)
Endocrine disruptors- chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body (Bisphenol A - BPA)

20. Dose-Response Studies
___________________- dose that kills 50% of the individuals
______________- dose that causes 50% of the animals to display the harmful but nonlethal effect

21. Dose-Response Studies
LD50- lethal dose that kills 50% of the individuals
ED50- effective dose that causes 50% of the animals to display the harmful but nonlethal effect

23. ______________________ - when two risks come together and cause more harm that one would. For example, the health impact of a carcinogen such as asbestos can be much higher if an individual also smokes tobacco.

24. Synergistic interactions- when two risks come together and cause more harm that one would. For example, the health impact of a carcinogen such as asbestos can be much higher if an individual also smokes tobacco.

25. Routes of Exposure

26. _______________________- an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time

27. Bioaccumulation
bioaccumulation- an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time

28. ___________________- the increase in a chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain.

29. Biomagnification
Biomagnification- the increase in a chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain.

30. ______________________- how long a chemical remains in the environment

31. Persistence
Persistence- how long a chemical remains in the environment

32. This is known as:_____________

33. Risk Analysis

34. ________________ Risk Assessment
Making a judgment of the relative risks of various decisions – low, medium, or high
Probability- the statistical likelihood of an event occurring and the probability of that event causing harm

35. Qualitative Risk Assessment
Making a judgment of the relative risks of various decisions
Probability- the statistical likelihood of an event occurring and the probability of that event causing harm

36. _______________ Risk Assessment
The approach to conducting a ______________________ risk assessment is:
Risk= probability of being exposed to a hazard X probability of being harmed if exposed

37. Quantitative Risk Assessment
The approach to conducting a quantitative risk assessment is:
Risk =
(probability of being exposed to a hazard) X
(probability of being harmed if exposed)

38. Probabilities of death in the United States

39. This is known as:_______________
In 2001, a group of 127 nations gathered in Stockholm, Sweden, to reach an agreement on restricting the global use of some chemicals
12 chemicals were to be banned, phased out, or reduced
These include DDT, PCBs, and certain chemicals that are by-products of manufacturing processes.
This is known as:_______________

40. Stockholm Convention
In 2001, a group of 127 nations gathered in Stockholm, Sweden, to reach an agreement on restricting the global use of some chemicals
12 chemicals were to be banned, phased out, or reduced
These include DDT, PCBs, and certain chemicals that are by-products of manufacturing processes.