1. Skin: The Integumentary System
Define and decipher common terms associated w/the integumentary system
Identify the basic anatomy of the sensory system
Research diseases involving the special senses
Analyze unfamiliar terms using the knowledge of word roots, suffixes, and prefixes gained in the previous chapters

2. Functions
The integumentary (in-teg-you-MEN-tah-ree) system, which makes up the outer covering of the body, serves many important functions beyond appearance.

3. Functions the skin waterproofs the body and prevents fluid loss.
intact (unbroken) skin plays important roles in the immune system.
skin is the major receptor for the sense of touch.
skin helps the body synthesize vitamin D from the sun’s ultraviolet light, while screening out harmful ultraviolet radiation

4. Functions of related structures
sebaceous glands – aka oil glands secrete sebum to lubricate and fight bacteria
sweat glands help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat.
hair helps control loss of body heat
nails protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe.

5. Structures – the skin
the skin covers the external surfaces of the body.
the terms derma and cutaneous are both used to describe the skin
the skin is a complex system of specialized tissues and is made up of three layers
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer

6. Structures – the epidermis
epithelial tissues form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body.
melanocytes produce and contain a dark brown to black pigment called melanin.
the type and amount of melanin pigment determine the color of the skin

7. Structures – the dermis
the dermis, also known as the corium, is the thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis

8. Structures – the subcutaneous
located just below the skin, connects the skin to the surface muscles.
this layer is made up of loose connective tissue and fatty adipose tissue.

9. Structures – assoc. structures
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
hair
nails

10. Structures – sebaceous glands
are located in the dermis layer of the skin and are closely associated with hair follicles.

11. Structures – sweat glands
are tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces.
sweat, perspiration, is made up of 99% water plus some salt.
hidrosis means production and excretion of sweat.

12. Structures – the hair
hair fibers are rodlike structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin.
hair follicles are the sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers.

13. Structures – the nails
a nail, also known as an unguis, is the keratin plate covering the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger.

14. Medical Specialties
Dermatologist – specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
Cosmetic surgeon – plastic surgeon, specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures.

15. Pathology – sebaceous glands
acne vulgaris – chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin.
seborrhea – any of several common skin conditions in which there is an overproduction of sebum

16. Pathology – sweat glands
anhidrosis – lack of sweat
hyperhidrosis – excessive sweating
diphoresis – profuse, but not excessive sweating

17. Pathology – hair
hirsutism – abnormal hairiness
alopecia - baldness

18. Pathology – nails
clubbing – abnormal curving of the nails often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips.
koilonychia (koy-loh-NICK-ee-ah), spoon nail, nail is concave or scooped out.

20. Pathology – pigmentation
albinism – deficiency of pigment, abnormality of a production of melanin.
melanosis – any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment.
vitiligo – condition in loss of melanocytes resulting in whitish areas of the skin

22. Pathology – surface lesions
lesion – a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
contusion – injury that does not break the skin and is characterized by swelling, discoloration and pain
ecchymosis – bruise; purplish area caused by hemorrhaging within the skin
petechiae – small pinpoint hemorrhages
verrucae – warts; skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus

24. Pathology – lesions thru skin
abrasion – an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
fissure – a groove or crack-like sore
laceration – a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut
ulcer – open sore or erosion of skin;
decubitus ulcer – bed sore; poor circulation
purulent means producing or containing pus

25. Pathology – general conditions
dermatitis – an inflammation of the upper layers of skin
eczema – inflammation with erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and possibly itching
erythema – is any redness of the skin
purulent means producing or containing pus

27. Pathology – general conditions
pruritus – itching
psoriasis – chronic disorder with red papules covered w/silvery scales that occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back and buttocks
purpura – hemorrhage into the skin that causes spontaneous bruising
purulent means producing or containing pus

29. Pathology – general conditions
rosacea – unknown cause w/redness, tiny pimples and broken blood vessles; face
scleroderma – abnormal tissue thickening, usuall on the hands, feet, or face
xeroderma – excessively dry skin
purulent means producing or containing pus

31. Pathology – bacterial infections
cellulitis – a diffuse infection of connective tissue w/severe inflammation
gangrene – tissue necrosis by poor circulation causing infection w/putrefaction
putrefaction is decay that produce foul-smelling odors
impetigo – highly contagious infection w/isolated pustules that rupture and crust
purulent means producing or containing pus

34. Pathology – parasitic infestation
infestation – the dwelling of a parasite; some live there, others lay eggs
scabies – infection and infestation of itch mite
pediculosis – infestation of lice
capitis – head
corporis – body
pubis – pubic region
purulent means producing or containing pus

35. Pathology – skin growths
callus – thickening of part of the skin
clavus (corn) – covering joints of toes
keloid – abnormally or raised thickened scar
lipoma – benign fatty deposit under the skin
purulent means producing or containing pus

37. Pathology – skin cancer
actinic keratosis – a precancerous lesion caused by excessive exposure to the sun
basal cell carcinoma – malignant tumor found mainly on the face; least harmful and slow growing
malignant melanoma – skin cancer from cells forming melanin
squamous cell carcinoma – malignant tumor that can spread quickly to other body systems
purulent means producing or containing pus

38. Pathology – burns
a burn is an injury to body tissues caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation
first degree – superficial (no blisters)
second degree – partial thickness (blisters)
third degree – full thickness (damage)
purulent means producing or containing pus

39. Diagnostic procedures
a biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis
incisional – piece only
excisional – entire lesion
needle – core sample
purulent means producing or containing pus

40. Treatment procedures transdermal medications topical
transdermal – patch
preventatives
sunscreen
purulent means producing or containing pus

41. Treatment procedures tissue removal
cauterization – destruction by burning
chemical peel
cryosurgery – destruction thru cold application
purulent means producing or containing pus

42. Treatment procedures tissue removal
debridment – removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and promote healing
incision and drainage – cutting open a lesion to drain contents
purulent means producing or containing pus