1. Chapter 3 – Biochemistry
The chemistry of Life

2. Organic Chemistry Organic compounds must have C and H
Hydrocarbons have only C and H
All living things are composed of organic compounds
Other than water they are the most common compounds in the bodies of living things
All Organic substances come from, are part of or are produced by living things.

3. Carbon Based Life Forms .. why?
C can bond to 4 other atoms
Bonds short and strong
Small size of atom
Can from double bonds, rings and chains

4. Organic Compounds are made up of smaller molecules/groups of atoms
Functional Groups – clumps of atoms that give chemical properties to anything they bond to
Monomers – small organic molecules that can be joined together to form larger molecules
Polymers/macromolecules – large molecules that are formed by joining many smaller molecules

5. Functional Groups
Know structure, name and key properties of each functional group from figure 3.4 on page 36.
Note if each is soluble or insoluble in H2O
If they are acidic or basic
Examples of molecules that they are part of

6. Types of Chem Rxns 1. functional group transfer
2. electron transfer (redox rxn)
3. Rearrangement of atoms fig 3.5
4. Condensation rxn. (condensation dehydration reaction) fig 3.6
5. Hydrolysis rxn fig 3.6

7. Condensation dehydration rxn
Remove water (in form of H from one molecules and OH from the other)
In order to stick to molecules together

8. Hydrolysis rxn Using water to break 2 molecules apart
Put water (in form of H and OH back in)

9. 1.Saccharides (sugars) All are made of Monosaccharides
All are carbohydrates
Only C, O & H
All have –OH (hydroxyl) and C = O (carbonyl) groups
Most dissolve easily in H2O
Differences in properties due to different bonding patterns/ chain shapes

10. Monosaccharides & disaccharides
Glucose Fructose
Lactose ->
Sucrose
(Table sugar)

11. Oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharides = made of a few monosch. Often found as part of glycoproteins or glycolipids in cell membrane that serve as membrane receptors or identification markers.

12. Polysaccharides Different properties based on bonding
patterns and chain shape

13. Folding patterns of chains also change properties
Hydroxyl groups facing out = soluble
Hydroxyl groups facing in = insoluble

14. Chitin = modified polysaccharide
N-acetyl functional group added

15. 2. Lipids
Macromolecules because they are large but not polymers (not repeating units)
Grouped together due to hydrophobic nature
The few polar groups vastly outnumbered by nonpolar hydrocarbon structure

16. Types of lipids Fats (oils) – store energy long term
Phospholipids – membranes
Steroids – membrane, hormones
Waxes – repel water, lubricate, protection

17. Fats/oils = (triglycerides)
Made by attaching fatty acids to gylcerol
Fatty acid: carboxyl + hydrocarbon chain
Glycerol is an alcohol that can bind up to 3 monomers ( one on each 0H group)

18. Types of fatty acids Saturated = no double bonds(full H) solid
most animal fats(compact E storage takes less room than glycogen)
Unsaturated = double bonds so bend (oil)
Most plant & fish fats (fish oil, seed oil)

20. Trans fatty acids Created by hydrogenating unsaturated FA
Create trans shape double bonds that are implicated in atherosclerosis
(plaque deposits in blood vessels)

21. Phospholipids Glycerol bonds with 2 FA & 1 Phosphate
Fatty acid tails hydrophobic
Phosphate/glycerol head hydrophillic

22. Steroids
Made of 4 fused Carbon rings with different functional groups attached
Cholesterol in animal cell membranes & precursor for steroid hormones, vit. D & bile salts

23. Waxes
Long chain FA tightly packed to long chain alcohols or carbon rings
Repel water..beewax, plant cuticle

24. 3. Proteins (polypeptides)
Polymers made of amino acid monomers
Bonds btwn amino acids =peptide bonds
Formed by condensation rxn
Proteins make up 50% dry mass of cell
Include almost all enzymes, hormones, structural support, motor proteins, muscle, cytoskeleton

25. Each amino acid is a carbon bonded to..
*1 amino group
*1 carboyxl group
*1 hydrogen
*and one of 20 different R groups
R group gives the amino acid characteristics (polar or non-polar) (acidic neg. charge or basic + charge)

26. Levels of protein structure
1˚= chain of aa
2˚= chain of aa folds over on itself and sticks due to H-bonds
3˚=3-D shape due to disulfide bonds
4˚>one chain of aa bonded together

27. Denaturation of Proteins
3-D shape of protein altered
Protein no longer functions properly
H-bonds and disulfide bonds broken

28. Nucleotides
Nucleotides are macromolecules made of 3 different types of monomers..
1. a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2. a phosphate group
3. a nitrogen base (A, T, G, C, or U)

29. Neucleotides can Function alone as…
a. coenzymes that transfer e- or H to activate enzymes (NAD+ or FAD)
b. ATP adensodine triphosphate transfers phosphate group to energize molecules
Or form polymers of nucleotides called nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

30. Nucleic Acids are polymers made of many nucleotides
Nucleotides are covalently bonded into chains
2 type of nucleic acid DNA or RNA
DNA = made of nucleotides with the sugar deoxyribose, and bases A,T,G,or C
RNA = made of nucleotides with the sugar ribose and bases A,U,G or C

31. DNA Found only in nucleus
Forms double helix structure made of 2 chains of nuclotides hydrogen bonded together

32. RNA = single chains of nucleotides
Produced in nucleus then moves into cytoplasm
3 types….
1) rRNA = ribosomal RNA makes up one subunit of ribosome
2) mRNA = messenger RNA carries directions to ribosome
3) tRNA = trnasfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes