1. Second Consortium Meeting 13-14 June Stockholm, Sweden
WP 3 - Desalination
Second Consortium Meeting
13-14 June
Stockholm, Sweden

2. treatment of High BOD WW Irrigation at ARAVA site
Work Package 3 Valorisation of HRAP Effluents All information is confidential
Partners
BIBOAQUA [ 6 PM]
CVG [19 PM]
iBET [16 PM]
SP [ 8 PM]
DCU [39.5 PM]
OMS [18 PM]
Pre-treatment
[Task 3.1]
Desalination: Electrodialysis
[Task 3.2]
Desalination: Reverse Osmosis
[Task 3.3]
Demonstration sites
ARAVA (Israel)
Algen (Slovenia)
Desalinated water < 500mg/L →
Lower freshwater consumption
WP2 -6
treatment of High BOD WW
dilute the acidogenic effluent below inhibitory levels to stabilize influent to the granular methanogenic reactor
WP6
Irrigation at ARAVA site
Tasks 5.4 / Task 6
Task 3.2 Q2
Task 3.1 Q1
Deliverable 3.1
Task 3.3 Q1
WP3 Q2/Y2
WP5
WP6
Waste brine

3. WP3 Deliverables - Milestones
Design specifications and manufacture / configuration development report: M12
Optimisation of final systems ready for demonstration trials M18
Milestones M16
Selection of pre-treatment strategy; Feasible on M16
Relevance of ED on each studied sample assessed; Feasible on M16
New pump and ERD tested in lab environment Feasible on M18
Verification:
99% removal of mass foulants. Feasible on M16
Achievement of low conductivities (1-2 mS/cm) Feasible on M16
demineralisation with sufficient yields (min. 50%) Feasible on M16
New pump energy efficiency 95% Feasible on M18
ERD energy recovery 98% Feasible on M18

4. WP3 Deliverables - Milestones
Deliverable D3.2 – Month 18
Optimisation of pre-treatment (iBET):
Report on technical Assessment of all solution
Report on cost benefit analysis of competing technologies
Report on specification of optimal solution
Optimisation of ED desalination (Extractis)
Report on technical Assessment of ED Solution
Report on specification of optimal system suitable for treatment of KOTO samples
Design and Testing of Pump & Pump/ERD
Design Specification of Pump and Pump/ERD [DCU/OMS]
Delivery of two systems (4 prototypes in total) [OMS]
Report on lab testing of two system under realistic conditions with RO (proposal to provide guidelines on optimal operation and control of Pumps as part of RO – not in DOA) [DCU]
Report on lab Testing of pump and Pump/ERD for performance assessment [RISE]
Report on lab Testing of wear (and proposal to assess wear after operation – not part of DOA) [RISE]

5. WP WorkPlan

6. Task 3.1 Pre-treatment - iBET
Tasks 3.1
Pre-treatment
HRAP Effluent
Options
Direct filtration
Adv. Complete retention of organic compounds
Dis. Membrane cleaning
Activated carbon adsorption and retention:
Adv. Resolve membrane fouling
Dis. Particle addition/disposal
Direct photolysis:
Mineralisation of organic compounds, inactivation of micro-organisms without production of free radicals
Potential formation of degradation by products
Objectives
Characterise alternative technologies
Identify the optimal solution
Build and test a pilot scale pre-treatment system

7. WP3 1) Direct ultrafiltration/nanofiltration of the supernatant
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
1) Direct ultrafiltration/nanofiltration of the supernatant
2) Activated carbon adsorption and retention of its particles by micro/ultrafiltration
3) Direct photolysis

8. Pre-treatment Previous Results Overview (Sample 1 from KOTO):
WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Pre-treatment Previous Results Overview
(Sample 1 from KOTO):
TOC (mgC/L)
TOC removal (%)
Conductivity (mS/cm) pH
Sample 1 (initial)
157 -
8.01
6.7
Nanofiltration (NF270) 10 bar 11
93%
8.48
6.2
Granular Activated Carbon (4 g/L) 14
91%
6.87
7.8
Photolysis (180 min)
205 0%
11.75
5.7

9. WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Further work in the initial sample from KOTO (after cell harvesting by UltraFiltration (150 kDa, 1bar)):
Further studies with Activated Carbon
Determination of the capacity of the activated carbon for the removal of organic carbon (Isothermal Curve of Adsorption);
Determination of operating adsorption time (kinetic curve);
Photolysis (UV) with and without H2O2
Ozonation with and without H2O2

10. WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Activated Carbon
Determination of the capacity of the activated carbon for the removal of organic carbon (Isothermal Curve of Adsorption);
𝑞 𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾 𝐹 𝐶 𝑒𝑞 1 𝑛
Freundlich Isotherm
𝑞 𝑒𝑞 = 𝑞 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶 𝑒𝑞 . 𝑘 𝐿 1+ 𝐶 𝑒𝑞 . 𝑘 𝐿
Langmuir Isotherm
Ceq - concentration of TOC in equilibrium when amount adsorbed equals qeq;
qeq – amount of TOC adsorbed per unit of Activated Carbon at equilibrium;
KF – indicator of adsorption capacity;
qmax – maximum adsorption capacity for forming single layer.
qmax = 72 mgTOC/gAC

11. WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Activated Carbon
Determination of operating adsorption time (kinetic curve);
Half-life of a second-order reaction depends on the initial concentration, in contrast to first-order reactions:
Pseudo-first order kinetics
Pseudo-second order kinetics
t1/2= 6.7h

12. WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
UV direct and indirect photolysis
Ozonation and advanced oxidation processes
Collimated beam reactor
Medium Pressure UV
Total irradiance - 20mW/cm2
Sample – from harvesting (UF)
Sample temperature - 20°C
Samples taken at different times:
0, 60, 120, 180min
AOP – UV + 120mg/L H2O2
Batch ozonation
Sample – from harvesting (UF)
Samples taken at different times:
0, 20, 40, 60min
AOP – O mg/L H2O2

13. WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
UV direct and indirect photolysis
Total phenols (Folin determination)
Aromatic compounds (Abs 254nm)
% removal UV, 3h 49 10
% removal UV AOP, 3h 55 52

14. WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Ozonation and advanced oxidation processes
Total phenols (Folin determination)
Aromatic compounds (Abs 254nm)
% removal O3, 1h 38 60
%removal O3 AOP, 1h 53

15. The first two samples from KOTO have low salinity;
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
The first two samples from KOTO have low salinity;
However, organic load of actual samples from KOTO may be in the range of operation of final SaltGae conditions; .
COD (mgO2/L)
TOC (mgC/L)
Conductivity (mS/cm)
Cl (g/L) pH
Sample 1
399
157
8.01
0.9
6.7
Effluent from Metanogenic reactors (Preliminary results: NOVA)
< 1000
(~500)
 n.d.
 91 55  7
n.d. – not determined.

16. Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Validation optimal conditions with a new sample from KOTO with added salt – Nanofiltration using NF270 membrane at 20 bar:
Nanofiltration using a dead-end membrane module with sample 1 (without salt)
Nanofiltration using a cross-flow membrane module with sample 3 (with added salt)

17. Average permeability of 5.0 L/(h.m2.bar);
WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Validation optimal conditions with a new sample from KOTO with added salt – Nanofiltration using NF270 membrane at 20 bar:
Additionally, using Cross-flow unit (pilot scale) was possible to increase the concentration factor till 18.4:
Average permeability of 5.0 L/(h.m2.bar);
Final permeability of 3.2 L/(h.m2.bar);
94.6% of water can be recovered using Nanofiltration
88% of water can be recovered from Ultrafiltration combined with Nanofiltration.

18. Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Validation optimal conditions with a new sample from KOTO with added salt – Nanofiltration using NF270 membrane at 20 bar:
COD (mg/L)
TOC
After harvesting
Exp. 1
180.9
72.33
Exp. 2
173.4
75.55
Before NF (with NaCl)
366
408
After NanoFiltration (NF270)
157
211
COD removal (%): 57 48
 Previous Results
TOC (mgC/L)
TOC removal (%)
Sample 1 (initial)
157
93%
Nanofiltration (NF270) 10 bar 11
Low organic concentration is more difficult to assess in the presence of salt .

19. Membrane fouling and cleaning:
WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Membrane fouling and cleaning:
Periodic washing will increase the time required between chemical cleanings.
Hydraulic permeability after treatment of 462 L/m2
Hydraulic permeability after treatment of 811 L/m2

20. Optimisation of pre-treatment of Arava sample (same protocols):
WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Optimisation of pre-treatment of Arava sample (same protocols):
Nanofiltration;
Activated Carbon;
Photolysis and Ozonation.
Waiting for samples – issues due to customs!

21. Depending on receiving sample
WP3
Task3.1: Assessment of best pre-treatment strategy for desalination
Deliver to EXTRACTIS samples after pre-treatment for the Electrodialysis studies (either Arava or KOTO):
Sample of best pre-treatment achieved for KOTO
Sample of KOTO before pre-treatment (only UF harvesting)
Sample of best treatment from Arava
Sample of Arava before pre-treatment (only UF harvesting?)
Next week
Depending on receiving sample

22. Task 3.2 Desalination: Electro-dialysis
Objectives
To achieve low conductivities (1-2 mS/cm) in order to obtain safe water to be reused in the process or released into the environment
To demineralise with sufficient yields (min. 50%) to consider a viable industrial installation
To provide a decision making tool to evaluate ED suitability linked to the type of wastewater (nature, composition, etc.) and the agroindustry sectors under consideration.
Solution
Design, build and test the ED reactor suited to Pilot Scale HRAP

23. Task 3.2 Desalination: Electro-dialysis
Samples
Wastewater from ARAVA : too low salinities for ED process  Wastewater from KOTO
Sample : 6L of KOTO’s wastewater pretreated by IBET and suplemented with NaCl to achieve the conductivity desired for the project
Protocol
One sample is processed 3 or 4 times according the quantity available (one run to confirm repeatability of the tests)
Characterizations before and after ED in order to estimate yield and ED efficiency
Parameters
Pilot:
EUR-2B
Membranes:
conventional
AMX-Sb
CMX-Sb
Product:
HRAP KOTO F2
180 l/h
Brine:
NaCl 5g/L
Electrolyte:
NaCl 200 mS/cm
300 l/h
Electrodes:
Cathode :
DES
Anode :
Voltage:
14V
Current:
Free

24. Task 3.2 Desalination: Electro-dialysis

25. Task 3.2 Desalination: Electro-dialysis
Repeatability confirmed (conductivities, intensity…)
No losses : Transfer of liquid from the product to the brine

26. Task 3.2 Desalination: Electro-dialysis
Trials
Trial 00
Trial 01
Trial 02
Initial conductivity of product (mS/cm)
 103,2
 101,5
101,9 
Final conductivity of product (mS/cm)
21,6 
 0,728
 0,418
Demineralization rate (%)
79,1% 
 99,3%
 99,6%
Initial pH of product
 5,8
6,48 
 6,68
Final pH of product
 4,9
 5,59
 5,84
Time (min)
 50
 63
 66
Initial température (°C)
 15,6
 20,6
 20,5
Final température (°C)
29,5
36,7
36,4
Mean Intensity (A)
 5,90
 6,25
5,79 
Current density (mA/cm²)
 29,5
31,2 
 28,9
Volt/cell
0,8 
L/h.m2
 10,8
 8,6
 8,2

27. Task 3.2 Desalination: Electro-dialysis
Conclusion
Repeatability confirmed, no membranes fouling
Characterizations in progress (DM, minerals, anions, cations)
New samples required in order to optimize parameters
Must agree on:
Location of test at pilot scale
Origin of water to be treated:
Arava proposed in DOA
Suggestion to work with KOTO water instead:
Feasibility of supply of large volume of samples
Suitability of samples with higher salinity levels
LCA process diagrams would have to be updated (WP7)

29. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
Objectives
Develop an innovative pump with ERD for RO:
98% energy recovery with RO
desalting technology
Reduced vibration/wear
Reduced brine/feedwater exchange
Scalable solution
Solution
Design, build and test the pump and pump/ERD Systems
Partners
OMS
DCU
RISE

30. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
Progress
Quadruplex Pump
Status
Design(OMS/DCU)
M1 → M12
Component Manufacture, Assembly and Preliminary Testing (OMS)
M12 → M13
Pump/ERD
Status
Design(OMS/DCU)
M12 → M15
Component Manufacture, Assembly and Preliminary Testing (OMS)
M14 → M16
Testing
Status
RO Test Rig Design and Build (DCU)
M3 → M13
Test Plan & Procedure Specification with RO (DCU)
M3 → M10
RO Testing (DCU)
M14 → M17
Hydraulic Performance Test Rig Design and Build (RISE)
M11 → M13
Hydraulic Performance Test Plan & Procedure specification (RISE)
M11 → M12
Wear Test Specification and Testing (RISE)
M15 → M35
Hydraulic Performance Testing (RISE)

31. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
Quadruplex Pump Design
Complete 3D CAD of initial design iterations
Assessment of weight benefits of reducing frame containing lubricating oil
Modification of valve support frame to minimize hydrodynamic losses (CFD & FEA)
Review of materials and components (seals, rollers …)
Other minor modifications
Pump/ERD Design
System dimensioning and specification from dynamic model
Significant progress has been made on the design of components

32. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
Quadruplex Pump: 3D CAD.
Virtual prototyping using 3D CAD:
2D drawings provided by OMS were converted into 3D models using solidworks.
3D models were used to conduct an interference analysis and investigate the feasibility of assembly.
Progress notes:
The Quadruplex pump has undergone 3 design iterations
3D models have been completed for versions

33. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
Quadruplex Pump: Weight Benefit Analysis and FEA.
FEA of outlet valve:
Verification of structural changes: FEA was used in the re-design of the valve support frame to confirm suitability of structural changes suggested CFD analysis. Considered stress-strain of valve under impact.
Solid model of seal support block.
Benefit analysis of weight/material usage reduction of seal support block to balance weight increase due to change from aluminium to super duplex: Confirmed that manufacturing and assembly constraint would not justify meaningful structural changes.

34. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
Quadruplex Pump: Virtual prototyping with CFD
CFD analysis focused on the outlet valve under static and dynamic conditions at flow rate predicted by dynamic model:
Pressure losses across valve (to be minimized by reviewing valve and chamber geometry)
Flow characteristics in valve chamber and outflow channel (assess flow separation)
Asymmetry in lift and drag forces on poppet (function of dynamic pressure and velocity and directly linked to valve chamber geometry)
Closing and response time (affects the valve impact speed on closing).
Progress notes:
Due to computational time constraints priority was assigned to the CFD analysis of the pumping chamber (to facilitate minimal delay in manufacture of pumping chambers)
The CFD analysis under transient condition will continue as part of the Pump/ERD design optimisation. The aim will be to
Capture the valve motion and assess optimal closing behaviour (hydrodynamic and structuraloptimisation)

35. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
Asymmetry in forces acting on valve.
The primary forces acting on the valve are lift due to static pressure forces. A resultant torque can induce valve flutter.
The valve assembly is axisymmetric but not the outlet channel.
The valve seat cover provides a relatively small open area forcing the majority of the fluid to travel directly across its upper surface increasing vorticity/ re-circulation and asymmetry in the dynamic pressure force.

36. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
CFD analysis focused on the outlet valve’s operation.
Focus on changes to chamber geometry under dynamic conditions.
Original Design.
11.5mm chamber height and 36mm diameter
Vortex structures and re-circulation of flow due to constrictions on flow caused by cover and outflow channel positioning observed.

37. Task 3.3 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis with Innovative Pump
CFD informed changes to pumping chamber.
Modified design:
15.0mm chamber height at 36mm diameter
Modified support frame to increase open area.
Reduced vorticity and recirculation above valve poppet due to less constriction of flow past valve by longer chamber and reduced cross section of cover
Resulted in Lower pressure loss and more stable lift co-efficient across the valve poppet compared to original.

38. Task 3.3 RISE Test Programme
Quadruplex pump testing
Tests carried out at different RISE facilities in Sweden: Borås, Gothenburg and Stockholm
RISE testing split in 4 parts:
High pressure pump performance evaluation
Pump/ERD performance evaluation
Wear test of seals
Wear test of mechanical components
HP Pump performance evaluation and Pump/ERD performance evaluation
Carried out using EN “Rotary positive displacement pumps – Performance test for acceptance”. Outputs: graphs versus differential pressure at constant speed (or versus speed at constant differential pressure) for:
Rate of flow
Pump efficiency
Pump power
Pump/ERD performance evaluation also includes the optional NPIPR (net positive inlet pressure required) test.

39. Task 3.3 RISE Test Programme
Quadruplex pump testing
Wear test of seals
Testing plan under development.
Remaining questions:
Extent and detail of analysis
Time frame for analysis after field operation
Preliminary plan:
Analysis of fresh seals and the seal raw material
Analysis of seals subjected to field operation
Expected outputs:
Change in dimension
Change in weight
Change in surface properties and structure
Change in chemical composition
Creep test
Pressure test
Prediction of seal service life

40. Task 3.3 RISE Test Programme
Quadruplex pump testing
Wear test of mechanical components
Testing plan under development.
Remaining questions:
Choice of components to analyze
Extent and detail of analysis
Choice of analysis method (destructive/non-destructive)
Scanning probe/Scanning electron/Stereo microscopy
Preliminary choice of components:
Mobile unit
Pumping chambers
Plungers
Expected outputs:
Surface abrasion
Surface corrosion
Micro fractures on chromium plated surfaces
Change in microstructure
Risk of galvanic corrosion

41. RO test rig update RO Test Rig P&ID RO Test Rig Solidworks
HP Pump/ERD Optimisation & Testing
RO Test rig testing strategy
RO Membrane Selection
RO Test Rig Automation & Control

42. RO Test Rig Progress Update – P&ID
RO test rig to be fully manufactured by Aug 12th
HP Pump / ERD trail & testing to commence Sep 1st

43. HP Pump/ERD Optimisation & Testing
Reverse Osmosis Control Optimisation & Testing
Objectives
Monitored Variables
Control Variables
Analyse the hydraulic performance of the HP Pump + ERD
HP pump inlet & outlet pressures
HP pump inlet flow rate
ERD pump inlet & outlet pressures
ERD outlet flow rate
Feed tank level
Feed water temperature
Shaft angular position
Shaft rotational speed
Shaft torque
Instantaneous current & voltage
Frequency of variable speed drive
Instantaneous pressure at ERD inlet.
Feed water salinity
HP pump steady state rotational speed
HP pump ramp-up/down rotational speed
ERD steady state rotational speed
ERD ramp-up/down rotational speed
Inlet flow rate from feed tank
ERD LP inlet flow rate
ERD HP inlet flow from RO concentrate line
Initialization loop inlet flow
Initialization loop outlet flow
Initialization feed pump rotational speed
Recirculation pump rotational speed
Monitoring deterioration in HP Pump + ERD operation
HP pump carter block vibration
HP pump CAM vibration
ERD vibration
HP pump motor temperature
HP pump shaft angular position
HP pump shaft rotational speed
HP pump shaft torque
ERD motor temperature
ERD shaft angular position
ERD shaft rotational speed
ERD shaft torque
To assess the overall functionality and feasibility of the HP Pump + ERD
Duration of failure
Membrane fouling rate
Pump failure rate
Reliability of pumps
Probability of failure
Level of maintenance required
Cost justification of HP pump
Cost justification of ERD pump
Safety of pump designs
Safety of pump operations
HP Pump & ERD hydraulic testing will conform to the ANSI HI rotary pump test standards.
The dynamic response of the HP Pump & ERD will be measured to inform on changes that would be indicative of wear.
System reliability, failure rate and cost analysis will be used to help predict, assist & resolve failures via a pump feasibility & functionality study.

44. RO Control Strategy - 1
The control strategy for the RO test rig will be based upon Dow membrane recommendations.
Following this control strategy procedure will help membrane and test rig performance optimisation overall.
The initialisation loop is used to prevent hydraulic shock across the selected membrane elements.

45. RO Control Strategy - 2
The systems transient phase involves the interface between the HP Pump and the introduction of the new ERD.
A design recovery of 50% across the RO test rig allows sufficient permeate & concentrate flows to be obtained for both water reuse & ERD trail/testing.
Variable monitoring during the steady state of operation will be assisted by accurate & efficient instrumentation, automation & control

46. RO Membrane Selection
Site Challenges: TOC levels, varying salinity, varying flow rates, modes of operation
Requirements: 50% recovery, salinity < 500 mg/L
Dow ROSA 9 software projections for different membrane configurations under different water characteristics and site constraints.
A pressure vessel with 6 elements selected
Dow LCLE-4040 and SW30HRLE-4040 elements selected (hybrid will be assessed)

47. RO Test Rig Automation & Control
Functional Design Specification (FDS) & IO Lists have been drafted for the proposed RO test rig.
The Siemens S PLC has been selected due to its high speed and convenient PROFINETTM communications between the advanced S controller and the Siemens G120c variables frequency drives.

48. WP3 System Integration 40ft Container Integrating WP2 and WP3 Systems:
WP2 (Pre-treatment, 2 Stage AD)
WP3
Pre-treatment, RO with Pump and Pump/ERD
Dimensions: 3038mm x 2270mm

49. WP3 Dissemination Dissemination Output Poster
Y. Delauré, F. Regan and L. Fitzsimons, 2016, SaltGae: Proving the techno-economic feasibility of using algae to treat saline wastewater from the food industry, EPA 2016 Annual Information Day on Horizon 2020 Societal Challenge 5, Friday 7th October 2016, Dublin.
Conference Presentation
M. Cairns, L. Fitzsimons and Y. Delauré, 2017, A novel Energy Recovery Device/RO test rig targeted to treat & recoup low industrial wastewater flows, MDIW Conferencee, 6th– 8th February 2017, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
Camille VIOT, Quelles techniques d’éco-extraction utiliser pour la valorisation de co-produits issus de l’industrie agroalimentaire pour des applications cosmétiques, techniques, agroalimentaires…? - Le projet Européen SALTGAE : Des microalgues pour traiter les effluents salins issus des IAA, Siñal, Châlons-en-Champagne, France, 30 Mai.
L. Rueda Villegas, M. Specklin, G. Savary, Y. Kohn and Y. Delauré, Evaluation of mixing and shear stresses in High Rate Algae Ponds for different paddle wheel designs, 6th Congress of the International Society for Applied Phycology, Nantes, 18-23rd June 2017.

50. Thanks for listening!
Yan Delauré Collins Avenue, Glasnevin Dublin, Ireland