1. Examination of the Youth Population in a Longitudinal Survey in Israel
Michal Yemini
Coordinator of Households Surveys
at Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Shalom, I’m Michal Yemini, coordinator of Households Surveys in the Surveys Department at the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics and we will talk about the Examination of the Youth Population in a Longitudinal Survey in Israel

2. Longitudinal Survey in Israel
Aims to examine stability and changes in living conditions.
Repeatedly collects rich information about individuals and households in various aspects, including socio-demographic characteristics, housing, health, education, employment and finances, as well as attitudes and behavior.
Longitudinal Survey
What is the Longitudinal Survey?
It aims to examine stability and changes in living conditions.
And repeatedly collects rich information about individuals and households in various aspects.

3. Longitudinal Survey
Panel survey in which the household members are interviewed every year
Sampling frame: Population Registry
Investigative unit: Household, plus each individual in the household is given a personal questionnaire.
Investigative method: Face to face interview
Survey tools: CAPI questionnaire
Period of investigation: Began in 2012 (four waves have been completed)
A longitudinal survey is a panel survey, in which household members are interviewed every year.
The sample was taken in 2012 from the Population Registry, and includes 8,000 households. This sample will be used for all the future waves.
The investigative unit is the household, and each individual in the household is given a personal questionnaire as well.
The interview is done face to face and mainly through CAPI. The other tools we discuss later.
Additionally, in the first and third waves, there was a self-administrated questionnaire for young people.
Up to the present there have been fours waves of investigation.

4. Sections of the Questionnaire
Household questionnaire :
Household composition
Income from other sources
Housing conditions
Household financial situation
Individual questionnaire :
Health
Education
Employment
Income from employment
Self-administered questionnaire
Sections of the Questionnaire
The questionnaire is divided up into two sections. The first section is a household questionnaire in which one member of the household is asked about all the members of the household. It consists of the following questionnaire.
The second section is an individual questionnaire in which each member of the household is asked personal questions. It consists of the following questionnaire.
In two of the waves, young people aged were given a self-administered questionnaire on paper.

5. Sections of the Questionnaire
Permanent modules:
Household
Health
Employment
Education
Income from employment
Income from other sources
Variable modules:
Expanded information on education
Housing conditions, and household financial situation
Sections of the Questionnaire
The survey includes permanent and variable modules. In this slide we see the permanent module and the variable modules, which are used interchangeably, one year yes and one year no. A part of the expansion on education is the youth questionnaire that I will speak about more in this presentation.

6. Investigative Method – Face to Face Interview
Persons aged 18 and over  Direct interview with the person
Ages 0-14  Proxy interview with the parents
Ages 15-17
Permission of a parent
Yes
Direct interview with the young person No
Proxy interview with the parents
Investigative Method – Face to Face Interview
Persons aged 18 and over are directly interviewed.
For infants and children up to age 14, we conduct a proxy interview with their parents.
The law in Israel is that the parent is the legal guardian of children up to age 18, and we need one parent’s permission to interview the child.
With the parent’s permission we can interview face to face, and without their permission we use a proxy questionnaire, in which the parent is interviewed about the child.

7. CAPI
The Differences Between First and Third Waves Regarding the Youth Questionnaires
Up to now I’ve spoken about the  survey  generally, and now I’ll be speaking about the youth examination in the first and third waves specifically.

8. CAPI-Data Collection Method & Field Work Process - Waves Ⅰ& Ⅲ
The data was collected by the CBS interviewer using the CAPI method in face to face interviews at the household.
CAPI-Data Collection Method & Field Work Process - Waves Ⅰ& Ⅲ
In these two waves, the data was collected by the CBS interviewer using the CAPI method in face to face interviews at the household.

9. CAPI Process of Planning and Constructing the Questionnaire
The questionnaire was designed and constructed in the ICBS and tested before use in the field.
The content of the questionnaire for youths was the same in both waves:
Health
Education
Employment
Income For ages 15-17
CAPI Process of Planning and Constructing the Questionnaire
In the two waves the questionnaire was designed and constructed in the ICBS, and was edited and tested before being used in the field.
The content of the CAPI questionnaire for youths was the same in both waves and included questions on health and the educational framework. For those aged there are also questions on employment and income.
Waves Ⅰ& Ⅲ

10. CAPI – Conclusions from the Investigation of Youths
No significant differences were found in data collection methods, content of the questionnaire, and field work process in the CAPI interviews.
CAPI – Conclusions from the Investigation of Youths
No significant differences were found in data collection methods, content of the questionnaire, and field work process in the CAPI interviews

11. The Self-Administered Questionnaire
Differences Between the First and Third Waves Regarding the Youth Questionnaires

12. Planning and Constructing – Self-Administered Questionnaire
Wave Ⅲ
Wave Ⅰ
Haruv Institute, which deals with child welfare, who conducted a pre-test
In the ICBS
Construction of the questionnaire
Exploratory survey and pre-test conducted by the ICBS
Pre-test conducted by the ICBS
Process of questionnaire construction
Planning and Constructing – Self-Administered Questionnaire In the first wave, the questionnaire was edited and constructed within the Bureau. In the third wave, the questionnaire was constructed by “Haruv" an external research institute dealing with the welfare of the child. The research institute reviewed the literature on the subject of child welfare and conducted the pre-test on the questionnaire and they had the copyright. For that reason, the questionnaire was not edited and included questions that are usually not asked in the ICBS, for example:
“The following is a list of things that can happen to children. Make a mark alongside each one if it has happened to you in the past month:
Someone threatened you with a gun and you saw he has a (real) gun.”
After the “Haruv" pre-test, an exploratory survey and a pre-test was conducted in the ICBS as well.

13. Planning and Constructing – Self-Administered Questionnaire
Wave Ⅲ
Wave Ⅰ
PAPI/Web
PAPI
Investigative method
Questions on self, family, school, leisure time activities, housing, social systems and services
Questions on leisure time activities, parents and family, school, satisfaction from life, smoking, use of drugs and alcohol, bullying
Questionnaire content
In the first wave it was possible to fill out the questionnaire only on paper and in the third wave, the option to fill it out online was added. The internet option was added due to widespread use of the internet among young people in Israel. In the first and third waves, the questionnaire content was as we see in the table.

14. Field Work Process – Self-Administered Questionnaire
Wave Ⅲ
Wave Ⅰ
Leaves a paper questionnaire with a sticker that informs about the website, user name and password
Leaves the paper questionnaire during the visit
Receiving the questionnaire
Stamped envelope or via internet
Mailing a stamped return envelope
Returning the questionnaire
Field Work Process – Self-Administered Questionnaire
In the first wave, the questionnaire was left during the visit and was collected using a stamped return envelope. If the young person filled out the questionnaire during the interview, it was then collected. In the third wave, the possibility of completing the questionnaire online was added.

15. Field Work Process – Self-Administered Questionnaire
Wave Ⅲ
Wave Ⅰ
Due to budgetary considerations , no reminders were made. At the end of the survey, due to a low response rate, an was sent to the parent with a direct link to the survey, without the need for a user name and password
Telephone reminder after three days of leaving the questionnaire
Reminders
In the first wave, a reminder was sent after 3 days, If the interviewer doesn’t intend to return to the household again.
But in the third wave there were no reminders due to budget considerations.
However, due to the low rate of response, towards the end of the survey an was sent to parents with a direct link to youths’ questionnaire. This request was made through the parents because addresses were collected only for those aged 18 and over.

16. Findings& Conclusions
Self-Administered Questionnaire

17. Findings– Self-Administered Questionnaire
Wave Ⅲ
Wave Ⅰ
10-17
15-17
AGE
1293
343
Young people who received permission to be interviewed
478
248
Those who were interviewed
462 PAPI
16 Web
248 PAPI
PAPI/Web
Findings– Self-Administered Questionnaire
As we can see, an increase in the age range of those who received the survey increases the number of those responding from 248 to 478.
In the first wave, the self-administered questionnaires were given to 343 young people aged However, in the third wave the population of young people was expanded to ages 10-17, which was 1,293 young people.
In the first wave, all the questionnaires were filled out using the PAPI method, and in the third wave, 462 were filled with PAPI and 16 by internet.

18. Findings & Conclusions - Self-Administered Questionnaire
It was difficult to interview teenagers aged (153 teenagers aged were interviewed, compared with 318 children aged 10-14).
Adding an internet questionnaire did not increase the rate of response.
The questionnaire was designed by an external institute, which made it possible to use the latest content based on child welfare research for the questionnaire.
Findings & Conclusions Self-Administered Questionnaire
It was difficult to interview teenagers aged with a questionnaire (three of the 478 did not have a value imputed for their age).
Adding an internet questionnaire did not add to the rate of response, only 16 questionnaires were filled out online.
Transfer of the development of the survey to an external research institute made it possible to use the latest content from child welfare research in the questionnaire.

19. Findings & Conclusions Self-Administered Questionnaire
The copyright of the institute prevented us from making changes in the questionnaire that would be justified after the pre-test and exploratory survey
The lack of reminders as a part of the work process harmed the response rate in the third wave.
Findings & Conclusions Self-Administered Questionnaire
However, the copyrights of the institute limited the possibilities for change after the pre-test.
In the first wave, telephone reminders were made three days after leaving the questionnaire, as a part of the work process. In the third wave, due to budget constraints and a desire to lower the response burden, reminders were not sent. Only toward the end of the survey, reminders were sent to the parents for completing the questionnaire online, because of the low percentage of response. These reminders were sent to the parents and not directly to the young people

20. Self-Administered Questionnaire
Lessons for the Future
Self-Administered Questionnaire

21. Lessons for the Future- Self-Administered Questionnaire
Solution
Difficulties
Direct link to the questionnaire
Typo in the questionnaire website address
The questionnaire website address and password was long
Platform for completing the questionnaire on a smartphone should be created
The questionnaire could be filled out only on a PC.
Lessons for the Future
The low response rates online also stemmed from an error in the internet address that was discovered during the survey (the letter "S" was missing on the sticker). After discovering this error, we instructed the interviewers to correct it by hand.
Additionally, the length of the internet address and password were long and this might have caused people to prefer the paper questionnaire.
Therefore the questionnaire must be accessible via a direct link without need to type in an address, user name and
password.
The internet questionnaire could be filled out only from a PC and since most young people use smartphones, and it is difficult to interview young people aged 15-17, a platform for completing the questionnaire on a smartphone should be created.

22. Lessons for the Future- Self-Administered Questionnaire
Solution
Difficulties
On the paper questionnaire it should be noted that the possibility exists to fill it out on the internet
The interviewers did not emphasize the possibility of filling out the questionnaire on the internet
Reminders as a part of work process
Lake of reminders
from the beginning of the investigation period
In addition, it could be that the interviewers did not emphasize the possibility of responding online to the young people. That why on the paper questionnaire it should be noted that the possibility exists to fill it out on the internet.
Also, we need to train the interviewers to inform the young people and their parents that they have the option to complete the questionnaire online
Or alternatively, for those who have internet, we should only allow filling out the questionnaire online. A study conducted by the CBS indicates that when there is no other option than the internet, the response rates for this method is higher (Kopfstein, 2013). For those who do not have internet, we must give them a paper questionnaire
To improve the percentage of interviews completed, we should set a procedure, similar to the first wave, in which a telephone call or reminder is made from the beginning of the investigation period.

23. Lessons for the Future- Self-Administered Questionnaire
Solution
Difficulties
The questionnaire copyright should belong to the ICBS while taking advice from the research institute
Due to the copyright of the institute only minor changes could be made in the questionnaire
Direct contact with the youth (with parental approval)
Indirect contact with the youth because the need of parental permission
The copyrights of the institute prevent us from editing and limited the possibilities for change after the pre-test.
Therefore young people aged had to have help when filling out the questionnaire, compared with those aged
In the future, the questionnaire copyright should belong to the ICBS and should be constructed in the CBS, with the Institute in an advisory capacity, which would enhance the content of the questionnaire, while allowing for changes at any time.
We couldn’t remind them directly to fill out the questionnaire and send it in, because of the need of for parental permission, therefore, everything relating to the youth questionnaire should be done directly with the young people, of course, after the approval of the parents.

24. Further Research
Examination of the data collection method by demographic characteristics of religion, gender, age, etc.
Testing the quality of the responses of young people of ages
For further research, we should examine the data collection method by demographic characteristics of religion, gender, age, etc.
Also, we should test the quality of the responses of young people of ages in order to improve the questionnaire.

25. Bibliography
D. Lamish, R. Rivak, and R. Aloni. (2007). How Israeli Children Use the Internet – Survey of the Institute for Internet Research. Uploaded on from:
S. Rafaeli, Y. Ariel, and M. Katzman. (2009). Youth Online: Usage Patterns and Internet Purchases. Israel: Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor.
T. Kopfstein. (2013). “Catch on the Network” – The Present and Future of Internet Questionnaires – Analysis of Response Rates of the Higher Education Survey Israel: Central Bureau of Statistics.

26. Bibliography
Ben-Arieh, A.(2010).From child welfare to children well-being : the child indicators perspective. In S.B.Kameran ,S.Phipps & A.Ben-Arieh (eds.), From child welfare to child well-being :‎  an international perspective on knowledge in the service of policy making (9-22). Dordrecht : Springer
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
De Leeuw.E.D.(2005). To Mix or Not to Mix Data Collection Modes in Surveys. Journal of Official Statistics, 21, 2, 233–255
Jonsson, J. O., &Ostberg, V. (2010).Studying young people’s level of living: The Swedish child - LNU. Child Indicators Research, 3, 47-64
Rees, G. & Main, G. (eds) (2015) Children’s views on their lives and well-being in 15 countries: An initial report on the Children’s Worlds survey, York, UK: Children’s Worlds Project

27. Thank you for listening!