1. Republic of Texas to State of Texas

2. We won, but now what?
After gaining independence, Texans faced the challenge of building a new nation

3. President and Vice President
Sam Houston
Mirabeau B. Lamar

4. New Constitution Texans approved the Constitution of 1836
Texans liked the proposal regarding Texas joining the United States

5. New Government
Houston and the Congress met at Columbia to organize the new government
Stephen F. Austin was named the Secretary of State, but he died of pneumonia after only a few weeks

6. City for the new capital?
Columbia was too small
The Allen brothers had founded Houston, on Buffalo Bayou
They promised to build a handsome city if congress would locate the capital there
Congress designated Houston as the capital for the next three years

7. Complaints about the city of Houston
Visitors to Houston complained of the muddy streets and swarms of mosquitoes

8. Trouble with the Army
Many of the people that arrived to help fight for independence from Mexico, didn’t get the chance to fight in the revolution
These people joined the military and wanted action
Army commander Huston (not Sam Houston), called for an invasion of Mexico
President Houston sent all 600 soldiers home on leave and never called them to duty

9. Joining the United States
Many Texans had emigrated from the United States and wanted Texas to join, or be annexed
Mexico is now refusing to recognize Texas’ independence
The United States government did not want to annex Texas if it meant damaging relations with Mexico

10. Annexed
To incorporate a country or territory into another

11. Slavery is an issue
People of the United States did not want Texas to join because of slavery
If Texas joined the Union (another name for the United States), it would tip the balance of the power in the U.S. senate towards slave states
Annexation is delayed

12. Can we at least be recognized?
The United States worried that Texas could not keep its independence against a Mexican invasion
The U.S. delayed recognizing Texas
President Houston sent representatives to Washington, D.C. to work on recognition and annexation
President Jackson saw that Texas was a responsible government and on March 3, 1837, granted official recognition of Texas

13. What about other nations?
We now needed European nations to recognize Texas
Other nations did not want to offend Mexico and they believed we would quickly be annexed by the United States
France recognized Texas on September 25, 1839
Great Britain and the Netherlands recognized Texas in 1840 and Belgium followed after that.
President Houston hoped that the U.S would move quickly to annex Texas

14. What about the Indians?
Indians resented the newcomers and began a series of raids that lasted several years
President Houston called on the Texas Rangers to patrol central Texas
Cherokee Indians had moved to Texas after being forced out of their homes in Georgia
During the Texas Revolution, the Cherokees promised to remain peaceful if they were allowed to keep the title to their land
The Republic of Texas refused to accept this treaty and did not give the Cherokees the title to their land

15. Time to pay up! The Republic of Texas had major money problems
Texas had unpaid bills for equipment and supplies that were purchased during the Revolution
The expenditures, or money paid out, were much greater than the revenue, or money received.

16. Expenditures
Money paid out

17. Money that a nation or state collects
Revenue
Money that a nation or state collects

18. Poor Sam When Sam Houston became president, the debt was $1.25 million
At the end of his first term as president, the debt for Texas was $2 million
Congress took steps to raise money and placed a tariff, or tax, on various
goods
These taxes were difficult to collect

19. Tariff
A tax on imported goods

20. Santa Anna In March 1837, Santa Anna arrives back in Mexico
Renounced (takes back) all of his promises he made in Texas
Mexican government refuses to recognize the independence of Texas

21. Texas gets a new President
Houston could not be re-elected as President after he served two years because the Constitution of 1836 forbid him from doing so
Texans elected Mirabeau B. Lamar, who had been vice president under Houston

22. Lamar Opposed annexation Moved the capital to Austin
Reversed Houston’s policy toward Native Americans
Ordered the Texas Army to attack the Cherokees and forced them out of Texas
Rebuilds the Navy

23. Father of Education in Texas
Wanted to improve education
Congress set aside 18,000 acres of land in each Texas county for public schools
Congress reserved 288,000 acres of public land in central Texas for 2 universities
Texas ended up trading out some of this land with land in West Texas
Oil was discovered on these lands and is still funding Texas education today

24. Comanche Indians
The Comanche Indians had raided several settlements and agreed to meet with Texas authorities in San Antonio
The Comanche Indians promised to bring their Anglo captives, but only brought one girl that looked like she had been beaten
Texan troops tried to take the Indians
hostage, but they resisted
This is known as the Council House Fight
7 Texans died and 35 Comanche Indians died

25. No more treaties
The Council House Fight is known as “the greatest blunder in the history of Texan-Native American relations.”

26. Cause and Effects of Indian Conflict
Causes:
Settlers immigrate to Texas
Cherokees move to Texas but do not hold title to land
Comanche Indians raid Texas settlements
Effects:
Lamar orders Cherokees to leave
Texas Rangers retaliate against raids
Comanche Indians withdraw to the High Plains, leaving more land to the Anglo settlers

27. Santa Fe Expedition
Lamar sent an expedition to Santa Fe, New Mexico with orders to control the region and begin trade with New Mexico
The Mexican army forced the Texans to surrender and marched them 1,000 miles to Mexico City.
Many died on the way or died in the Mexican prison
The few that survived were eventually released
This angered the Mexicans
Santa Fe

28. Poor Lamar Lamar caused Texas to sink deeper in debt
Spent $2.5 million on the Indian wars
Bought several ships for the Navy
Issued redbacks, paper money, but they shrank in value
A paper dollar in Texas at the end of Lamar’s term was only worth 15 cents
Failed in attempts to borrow money from other nations
Public debt was now $7 million

29. Redbacks
Additional money issued during Lamar’s presidency to help in easing the large public debt

30. Sam Houston is Reelected
Sam Houston replaces Lamar as President
Eliminated several government positions
Cut the size of the army
Tried to sell the navy ships (the people of Galveston prevented this from happening)
Renewed peace with the Indians

31. Now you have made me mad …
Mexico is still angry about the Santa Fe expedition and send 500 soldiers into Texas
Occupy San Antonio, Goliad, and Refugio
They withdrew after several days, but Texans panicked

32. Archives War
With the Mexican soldiers in south Texas, Houston declared an emergency and tried to move the archives from Austin to Houston

33. Archives
Official government documents

34. Oh no you don’t!
People of Austin suspected that Houston wanted to move the capital from Austin permanently and fired on the government officials when they tried to move the archives
The archives and the capital remained in Austin
Angelina Eberly

35. More Invasions by Mexico
Mexican forces invaded Texas again, led by General Woll, but this time, sent 1,400 soldiers into San Antonio
The Texas militia and the Texas Rangers forced them out, but Captain Dawson and his group of volunteers were killed

36. Protect us!
The Woll invasion angered Texans, and Houston ordered General Somervell and 750 soldiers to patrol the area between San Antonio and Laredo
Once they arrived in Laredo, they saw signs of the Mexican army
General Somervell told his men to go back to Gonzales, but 300 of them refused
Colonel Fisher led these 300 men and attacked the Mexican town of Mier

37. The Mier Expedition
The Texans expected an easy victory in Mier, but 900 Mexican soldiers were defending the city
The Texans were outnumbered and low on supplies – they surrendered on December 26, 1842
The Mexican army began to march their captives to Mexico City, but the Texans overpowered their guards and escaped on February 11, 1843

38. Recaptured
Many of the Texans that had escaped died of starvation and exposure (it was cold in the mountains)
Mexican troops recaptured the survivors about a week later
Santa Anna is back in power and orders every 10th Texan to be executed as punishment for their escape

39. Drawing of Black Beans
Of the 176 men that were recaptured, 17 were to die
The prisoners were ordered to draw beans from a jar
Those who drew black beans were shot
Those who drew white beans were marched to prison in Mexico City
Some were pardoned, a few escaped, and others died of disease or starvation