1. Adverb Clauses 1 Adverb clauses explain:
Cause-Effect or Why-Condition- Time-Where
Where

2. because, as, since, so that, in order that 2
CAUSE—EFFECT REASON OR RESULT WHY:
because, as, since, so that, in order that
UNDER WHAT CONDITION: if, as if, even if, unless, though, as though, although, even though
TIME while, after, before, until, whenever, when,
as soon as, as long as, since
WHERE: where, wherever

3. Garth couldn’t lift the rock, and he tried several times. 3
Weak Sentence:
Garth couldn’t lift the rock, and he tried several times.
Best sentences:
Though Garth tried several times, he couldn’t lift the rock. [front]
Garth couldn’t lift the rock though he tried several times [back]
Garth, though he tried several times, couldn’t lift the rock. [middle]
Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.

4. 3
Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.
1. She was only fifteen, and she showed great sophistication in her writing. (Although …,) Front position
Although she was only fifteen, she showed great sophistication in her writing.

5. 2. Lugwig felt ill, but he continued to practice. (Even though…) Front
Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.
2. Lugwig felt ill, but he continued to practice. (Even though…) Front

6. 2. Even though Ludwig felt ill, he continued to practice.
Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.
2. Even though Ludwig felt ill, he continued to practice.

7. Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.
3. He insisted on cleaning up the mess, and his aunt told him not to worry.
Front

8. Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.
Though his aunt told him not to worry, he insisted on cleaning up the mess.

9. 9
Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.
4. He once could do three one- handed push-ups, and he now couldn’t even manage one two- handed push-up. Front

10. 10
Remember that initial (introductory) adverb clauses are set off with a comma.
4. Whereas he once could do three one- handed push-ups, he now couldn’t even manage one two-handed push- up.

11. 2
5. Australia is a continent, and it has fewer inhabitants than California. (Front) 6. Your qualifications are excellent, but we simply aren’t hiring right now. (Front) 7. You can memorize the entire book, and you still won’t get an A on one of Ms. Gilbert’s tests. (Front)

12. 1
5. Though it is a continent, Australia has fewer inhabitants than California. 6. Though your qualifications are excellent, we simply aren’t hiring right now. 7. Even if you memorize the entire book, you still won’t get an A on one of Ms. Gilbert’s tests. .

13. 13
A. Though your qualifications are excellent we simply aren’t hiring right now.
B. Though your qualifications are excellent. We simply aren’t hiring right now.
C. Though, your qualifications are excellent we simply aren’t hiring right now.
D. Though your qualifications are excellent, we simply aren’t hiring right now.

14. 14
A. Though your qualifications are excellent we simply aren’t hiring right now. COMMA ERROR
B. Though your qualifications are excellent. We simply aren’t hiring right now. FRAGMENT
C. Though, your qualifications are excellent we simply aren’t hiring right now. COMMA ERROR
D. Though your qualifications are excellent, we simply aren’t hiring right now. CORRECT

15. 15
THE BRIDGE
Because Kostya had his moment of insight by rescuing the girl and saving the bikes, he decided he could take on this new adventure—going to Moscow.